金属纳米颗粒与二维材料异质结构的界面调控和物理性质

孙颖慧; 穆丛艳; 蒋文贵; 周亮; 王荣明

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211902

摘要

二维材料具有原子级光滑表面、纳米级厚度和超高的比表面积, 是研究金属纳米颗粒与二维材料的界面相互作用, 实时、原位观察金属纳米颗粒的表面原子迁移、结构演化和聚合等热力学行为的重要载体. 设计和构筑金属纳米颗粒与二维材料异质结构界面, 在原子尺度分析和表征界面结构, 揭示材料结构和性能之间的相互关系, 对于理解其相互作用和优化器件性能具有重要价值. 本文总结了近年来金属纳米颗粒在二维材料表面成核、生长、结构演化及其表征的最新进展, 分析了金属纳米颗粒对二维材料晶体结构、电子态、能带结构的影响, 探讨了可能的界面应变、界面反应, 及其对电学和光学等性质的调控, 讨论了金属纳米颗粒对基于二维材料的场效应管器件和光电器件的性能提升策略. 为从原子、电子层次揭示微结构、界面原子构型等影响金属纳米颗粒-二维材料异质结性能的物理机制, 为金属-二维材料异质结构的研制及其在电子器件、光电器件、能源器件等领域的应用奠定了基础.

关键词:

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) material has atomic smooth surface, nano-scale thickness and ultra-high specific surface area, which is an important platform for studying the interface interaction between metal nanoparticles (NPs) and 2D materials, and also for observing the surface atomic migration, structural evolution and aggregation of metal NPs in real time and in situ. By rationally designing and constructing the interfaces of metal NPs and 2D materials, the characterization of the interface structure on an atomic scale is very important in revealing the structure-property relationship. It is expected that the investigation is helpful in understanding the mechanism of interaction between metal and 2D materials and optimizing the performance of the devices based on metal-2D material heterojunctions.In this review, the recent progress of interface modulation and physical properties of the heterostructure of metal NPs and 2D materials are summarized. The nucleation, growth, structural evolution and characterization of metal NPs on the surface of 2D materials are reviewed. The effects of metal NPs on the crystal structure, electronic state and energy band of 2D materials are analyzed. The possible interfacial strain and interfacial reaction are also included. Because of the modulation of electrical and optical properties of 2D materials, the performance of metal NPs-2D material based field effect transistor devices and optoelectronic devices are improved. This review is helpful in clarifying the physical mechanism of microstructure affecting the properties of metal NPs-2D material heterostructures on an atomic scale, and also in developing the metal-2D material heterostructures and their applications in the fields of electronic devices, photoelectric devices, energy devices, etc.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心, 北京科技大学数理学院, 磁光电复合材料与界面科学北京市重点实验室, 北京　100083

通信作者: 孙颖慧, yhsun@ustb.edu.cn ; 王荣明, rmwang@ustb.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11974041, 12034002, 51971025)和北京市自然科学基金(批准号: 2212034)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

Corresponding author: Sun Ying-Hui, yhsun@ustb.edu.cn ; Wang Rong-Ming, rmwang@ustb.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974041, 12034002, 51971025) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 2212034).

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施引文献

图 1 缺陷和晶界对金属纳米颗粒在二维材料上成核的影响　(a)—(c) AC-TEM图像显示Au纳米团簇在800 ℃下从石墨烯孔的边缘移动到缺陷位置(红色虚线圆圈)^[20]; (d)—(g) Pt纳米颗粒在单层MoS₂的晶界处选择性成核^[24]

Fig. 1. Effects of defects and grain boundaries on the nucleation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on two-dimensional materials: (a)–(c) AC-TEM images at 800 ℃ showing Au clusters moving from the edge of a graphene hole to a defective site (indicated by red dotted circle)^[20]; (d)–(g) selective nucleation of Pt NPs at the grain boundary of monolayer MoS₂^[24].

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图 2 金纳米颗粒的还原和MoS₂表面结构对金纳米颗粒形貌的影响^[25]　(a)飞秒激光处理后, 在MoS₂边缘形成具有S不饱和键的边缘活性位点(红色圆点)的示意图; (b)在边缘活性位点处, 金离子被还原成金原子的示意图; 处理后MoS₂表面分别具有(c)短周期结构和(d)长周期结构导致的非球形金纳米颗粒对比图(图中0 s和30 min表示激光处理后的MoS₂与AuCl₃溶液的反应时间)

Fig. 2. Reduction of Au NPs and the effects of surface structures of MoS₂ on Au morphology^[25]: (a) Schematic of femtosecond pulses irradiating on MoS₂; (b) Au cations were reduced to be Au atoms by laser treated MoS₂; (c) short-periodic structures and (d) long-periodic structures led to different non-spherical Au NPs (“0 s” and “30 min” represent the reaction time of laser-treated MoS₂ and AuCl₃ solution).

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图 3 实时高分辨TEM图像揭示金纳米颗粒通过旋转和晶界推移实现聚合生长过程^[33]　(a)两个纳米颗粒靠近时的初始位错角为11.7º; (b)—(d)两个纳米颗粒的晶体取向发生旋转, 位错角随时间减小(黄色虚线代表聚合过程中的内部孪晶界, 红色虚线代表聚合后形成的孪晶界); (e)—(f)两个纳米颗粒靠近时在界面处形成高曲率的“颈”状结构; (g)—(i)晶界逐渐推移至聚合颗粒的边缘, 并形成一个单晶颗粒. 标尺为2 nm

Fig. 3. Real-time HRTEM images of coalescence of Au NPs via the rotation and grain boundary (GB) migration^[33]: (a) Two NPs approach each other with an initial misalignment angle of 11.7º; (b)–(d) the NPs rotate to align their crystallographic orientations (The yellow and red dotted lines indicate the locked and created twin boundaries, respectively, in the combined particle during coalescence); (e)–(f) two NPs come close together and a neck is formed at the particle-particle interface; (g)–(i) GB moves to the edge of the combined particle, creating a single crystalline particle. Scale bar is 2 nm.

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图 4 (a)金刚刚沉积到MoS₂上的TEM图像; (b)经过在氮气箱中保存9 d后, 金在MoS₂上的TEM图像; (c)图(b)中纳米颗粒区域和枝晶区域的电子衍射图样; (d)原子分辨的STEM图像显示了金原子在MoS₂表面上的迁移通道(黄色箭头指示了离散的金原子); (e)金纳米枝晶在MoS₂上的典型的莫尔条纹; (f)原子分辨的STEM图像显示了金纳米枝晶与MoS₂晶格的外延排列情况^[34]

Fig. 4. (a) TEM images of Au on MoS₂ at the same location just after deposition; (b) TEM images of Au on MoS₂ stored in a nitrogen box after 9 days; (c) selective area electron diffraction patterns for the NP and dendrite regions in (b); (d) the atomic-resolution STEM image showing migration channels of Au atoms on MoS₂ surfaces (The isolated Au atoms are marked by yellow arrows); (e) typical moiré fringes in HRTEM of Au dendrites on MoS₂; (f) the atomic-resolution STEM image showing the lattice match of Au dendrites with MoS₂ lattice^[34].

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图 5 Pt纳米晶和团簇在MoS₂上的晶格取向和晶面间距^[23]　(a)附着在MoS₂边缘上的Pt纳米晶的STEM图像; (b)上面(a)图的FFT图像, 标出了Pt和MoS₂的晶面指数, 以及Pt (111)晶面间距; (c)超小的Pt纳米晶或Pt团簇的STEM图像显示了与单层MoS₂的外延取向, 左下角插图显示了干净的MoS₂区域的STEM图; (d)上面(c)图的FFT图像

Fig. 5. Lattice orientation and spacing of Pt nanocrystals and clusters on MoS₂^[23]: (a) STEM image of a Pt nanocrystal attached to the edge of MoS₂; (b) FFT image of (a) with the crystal plane indices of Pt and MoS₂, and the crystal plane spacing of Pt (111); (c) STEM image of an ultrasmall Pt nanocrystal or cluster showing the epitaxial orientation on monolayer MoS₂ (Inset on the left bottom shows a clean region of MoS₂); (d) the FFT image of (c).

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图 6 (a)在Al₂O₃基底上机械剥离不同层数的MoS₂的光学照片; (b)在云母基底上机械剥离不同层数的MoS₂的光学照片; (c) Al₂O₃基底的原子力显微图像; (d) 云母基底的原子力显微图像; (e)在Al₂O₃基底上的单层MoS₂沉积Ag纳米颗粒前后, 以及不同天数的拉曼光谱; (f)在云母基底上的单层MoS₂沉积Ag纳米颗粒前后, 以及不同天数的拉曼光谱. 红色箭头分别指示了${\rm E}_{2\mathrm{g}}^{1'}$峰的峰位^[49]

Fig. 6. Optical images of exfoliated MoS₂ layers on (a) Al₂O₃ and (b) mica substrates; AFM images of (c) Al₂O₃ and (d) mica substrates; comparison of Raman spectra of the pristine and Ag-deposited 1L MoS₂ on (e) Al₂O₃ and (f) mica substrates, as well as the evolution of Raman spectra over time. Raman peak splitting after Ag deposition on the two kinds of substrates can be seen from comparing the first top-most panels and the second panels. The quenching rate of splitting Raman peaks of ${\rm E}_{2\mathrm{g}}^{1'}$ modes differs, as indicated by the red arrows. SEM images of Ag-deposited 1L MoS₂ on the two kinds of substrates are shown in the insets. Scale bars are 100 nm^[49].

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图 7 不同金属团簇刻蚀石墨烯和MoS₂的HAADF图像　(a)蒸镀厚度为2 Å的Al以后, 从石墨烯边缘刻蚀出现孔洞的HAADF图像; (b)后续孔洞继续扩大的HAADF图像, 红色箭头标出了一些Al原子; (c)在石墨烯上蒸镀厚度为2 Å的Ti的HAADF图像; (d)由于Ti和石墨烯的相互作用较强, Ti直接从中间区域开始刻蚀^[19]; (e) 800 ℃下加热3 h后观察到的还原后的C和Pt纳米晶ADF-STEM图像; (f)—(k)连续ADF-STEM图像显示了图(e)中红色框标示的Pt纳米晶在电子束诱导下对MoS₂的反应刻蚀. 橙色箭头表示无定形碳盘. 相邻图的拍照间隔是30 s. 标尺都是1 nm^[23]

Fig. 7. HAADF images of graphene and MoS₂ etched by different metal clusters: (a) Graphene etching in the presence of an Al layer of 2 Å nominal thickness after the start of the hole formation; (b) after the hole enlargement in subsequent scans (Some Al atoms are indicated by red arrows in (a) and (b)); (c) 2 Å titanium evaporated onto monolayer graphene; (d) magnified image showing direct etching of Ti on the basal plane of graphene^[19]; (e) ADF-STEM image of a region after 3 h at 800 ℃ showing reduced carbon and Pt nanocrystals; (f)–(k) sequence of ADF-STEM images showing catalytic etching of MoS₂ by the Pt nanocrystal labeled in (e), initiated by electron beam irradiation. Orange arrow indicates an amorphous carbon disk. Time between frames is ～30 s. Scale bars are all 1 nm^[23].

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图 8 Au纳米颗粒修饰MoS₂的SEM形貌图和对源漏电流的影响^[54]　(a)通过化学还原法将Au纳米颗粒负载在MoS₂上的过程示意图; (b) Au-MoS₂杂化体系的SEM图; (c)在80 K下, 负载了Au颗粒以后(Au-MoS₂), 器件的电导率增加了10³倍(插图显示了80 K下MoS₂的输出曲线放大图); (d)在160 K下, 源漏电压为0.5 V时, MoS₂和Au-MoS₂ FET的背栅调控转移曲线. 插图分别显示了MoS₂和Au-MoS₂ FETs的结构示意图和等效电容电路图, 以及Au-MoS₂ FET器件的SEM图. 标尺为10 μm.

Fig. 8. Morphology of MoS₂ modified by Au NPs and the effect on source-drain current in FET^[54]: (a) Schematic illustration depicting the anchoring of Au NP on MoS₂ via chemical reduction strategy; (b) SEM image of Au-MoS₂ hybrid structure; (c) at 80 K the conductivity of MoS₂ device is increased 10³ folds after Au functionalization (Au-MoS₂) (The inset shows an enlarged view of I_DS versus V_DS response for MoS₂ at 80 K); (d) at 160 K, with V_DS = 0.5 V, back-gating characteristics of MoS₂ and Au-MoS₂ FETs are shown. The top inset shows capacitance circuitry of the Au-MoS₂ device. Bottom-left inset shows the structure of MoS₂ FET and Au-MoS₂ FET. Bottom-right inset shows a SEM micrograph of Au-MoS₂ FET. Scale bar is 10 μm.

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图 9 (a)直径40 nm的Au纳米颗粒附着在GO上的TEM图; (b) Au纳米颗粒在GO上附着前后的水溶液的吸收谱; (c)分别利用Au纳米颗粒(i)和Au-GO复合体系(ii)得到的PATP分子的SERS光谱^[63]; (d) Ag领结阵列直接制备在堆叠的单层和双层MoS₂三角形薄片上(插图显示了放大后的Ag领结的SEM图); (e)纯MoS₂, Ag领结阵列, 以及Ag领结-MoS₂的PL光谱对比(插图是对数坐标下的PL光谱数据); (f)在77 K, TE激发极化下, 纯MoS₂, Ag领结阵列, 以及Ag领结-MoS₂的ΔR/R反射光谱. Ag领结-MoS₂体系显示出了由于MoS₂激子和LSPR模式光学耦合导致的Fano共振现象. 其中, Ag领结阵列的几何参数: 边长100 nm, x和y方向周期分别为400和300 nm^[68]

Fig. 9. (a) TEM images of 40 nm Au NPs deposited on GO sheets; (b) UV-vis spectra of aqueous solution of 40 nm Au NPs before and after attachment to the GO sheet; (c) SERS spectra of PATP using (i) the 40 nm Au NPs and (ii) the corresponding Au-GO composites as SERS substrates, respectively^[63]; (d) SEM image showing the Ag bowtie array directly patterned on well-defined, stacked triangular flakes of mono- and bilayer MoS₂ (The inset shows the enlarged SEM image of the Ag bowtie); (e) PL spectra of bare MoS₂, bowtie array and bowtie-MoS₂. Inset shows PL in log scale; (f) ΔR/R spectra of bare MoS₂, Ag bowtie array, and Ag bowtie-MoS₂ at 77 K and TE polarization. Clear Fano resonances are observed when the bowtie lattice-LSP modes overlap with MoS₂ excitons. Ag bowtie array: side length 100 nm, x and y direction periods 400 and 300 nm, respectively^[68].

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图 10 表面等离激元共振产生的热电子诱导MoS₂单层从2H相到1T相相变^[84]　(a)在MoS₂上沉积直径5 nm的金纳米颗粒后, PL光谱出现红移和展宽; (b)在Au纳米颗粒沉积后出现的三个新的拉曼峰与1T相一致; (c) MoS₂薄膜的示意图, 其中Au纳米颗粒产生的热电子转移到MoS₂中; (d) Au纳米颗粒中的等离激元衰减成热电子, 其最高的电子能量在费米能级以上一个等离激元量子(热电子产生的原理), 而热电子可以转移到MoS₂的导带中; (e) 2H和1T晶格结构之间的转变(在晶体配位场理论中, 2H相中的Mo 4d轨道具有3个能级, 而1T中的Mo 4d轨道仅具有2个能级. 当热电子填充未占据的Mo 4d轨道时, 1T相稳定)

Fig. 10. Plasmonic hot electron induced structural phase transition from 2H to 1T in monolayer MoS₂^[84]: (a) PL spectrum red-shifting and broadening was found after the 5 nm Au NPs were deposited on MoS₂; (b) three new Raman peaks consistent with the 1T phase recorded after the Au NP deposition; (c) schematic of a MoS₂ film with hot electrons generated from Au NPs; (d) the principle of hot electron generation is Au NP plasmon decay into hot electrons with the highest electron energies one plasmon quantum above the Fermi level; (e) the transition between 2H and 1T structure (The Mo 4d-orbitals in 2H phase have three groups, and in 1T phase have two. When an extra electron fill an unoccupied Mo 4d-orbital, the 1T phase is stabilized).

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图 11 (a)夹在两片单层石墨烯之间的单个Au纳米盘七聚体的示意图; (b)沿着插图中所示的线扫描方向, 对没有Au纳米天线、有Au纳米盘二聚体和七聚体阵列修饰的石墨烯的光电流的测量结果^[95]; (c)负载Au纳米颗粒光栅结构的单层MoS₂光电探测器的示意图; (d)不同光电探测器的光电流随时间的变化曲线, 其中V_G = 0 V, V_DS = 1 V. Bare表示没有Au纳米颗粒负载的单层MoS₂, NP I和NP II分别表示MoS₂上负载的Au纳米颗粒具有不同的直径和密度, NP G表示Au纳米颗粒光栅结构^[73]

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic illustration of a single Au heptamer sandwiched between two sheets of monolayer graphene; (b) photocurrent measurements of graphene without Au nanoantennas and modified by Au dimer and heptamer arrays, obtained along the line scan direction shown in the inset; (c) schematic diagram of a monolayer MoS₂ photodetector loaded with Au NP grating; (d) photocurrent-time response of different photodetectors, where V_G = 0 V and V_DS = 1 V. Bare denotes monolayer MoS₂ without Au NPs, NP I and NP II denote Au NPs loaded on MoS₂ with different diameters and densities, respectively, and NP G denotes Au NP grating structure^[73].

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图 12 (a)修饰有Pt纳米带的双层MoS₂光电器件示意图; (b)在可见光(532 nm)照射下, 测量沉积Pt纳米带前后器件光电流随时间的变化(红色表示沉积前的结果, 绿色表示沉积后的结果); (c)在紫外光(325 nm)照射下, 测量不同偏置电压下的光电流随时间的变化(光功率密度: 184 mW·cm^–2); (d)在近红外光(980 nm)照射下, 改变入射光功率密度, 测得的时间依赖的光电流曲线(偏置电压: 1 V). 插图显示光电流正比于入射激光功率^[96]

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic diagram of a bilayer MoS₂ device deposited with Pt nanostrips; (b) time-dependent photocurrent measurement before and after deposition of Pt nanostrips under visible light (532 nm) irradiation (Red curve indicates the result before deposition and green curve indicates that after deposition); (c) photocurrent measurement at different bias voltages under UV light (325 nm) irradiation (power density 184 mW·cm^–2); (d) time-dependent photocurrent measurements under exposure to different NIR light (980 nm) intensities (bias voltage: 1 V), where the inset shows that the linear dependence of the photocurrent on the incident laser power intensity^[96].

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金属纳米颗粒与二维材料异质结构的界面调控和物理性质