RHIC能区Au+Au 碰撞中带电粒子直接流与超子整体极化的计算与分析

江泽方; 吴祥宇; 余华清; 曹杉杉; 张本威

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222391

摘要

非对心的相对论重离子碰撞中, 不参与碰撞的核子会对参与碰撞的核子产生纵向拖拽, 形成一个相对于纵向倾斜的夸克胶子等离子体(QGP)火球. 同时, 对撞的原子核可将巨大的轨道角动量沉积于QGP中, 使其中的部分子沿系统总角动量方向发生自旋极化. 在光学 Glauber模型基础上, 本文构建了倾斜的三维QGP初态条件, 并结合3+1维黏滞流体力学模型CLVisc, 研究了重离子碰撞的末态带电粒子的直接流和$ \Lambda/\bar{\Lambda} $超子的整体极化. 计算表明, 倾斜的初态条件与流体力学模型的结合能够较好地描述RHIC-STAR实验上观测到的直接流与超子整体自旋极化的数据. 这为人们利用这些观测量进一步约束重离子碰撞产生的核物质的初始几何与运动学状态提供了理论依据.

关键词:

Abstract

In non-central relativistic heavy-ion collisions, the non-colliding nucleons drag the colliding nucleons along the longitudinal direction asymmetrically, producing a longitudinally tilted quark-gluon plasma (QGP) fireball. Meanwhile, these colliding nuclei deposit a huge initial orbital angular momentum into the system, leading to the polarization of partons inside the QGP along the direction of the total angular momentum. Based on the optical Glauber model, we develop a 3-dimensional initial condition of the tilted QGP. By combining it with the (3+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic model CLVisc, we investigate the directed flow of charged hadrons and the global polarization of $ \Lambda/\bar{\Lambda} $ hyperons in heavy-ion collisions. Our calculation indicates that the combination of a tilted initial condition of the QGP and the hydrodynamic model can provide a satisfactory description of the directed flow and global polarization observed at RHIC-STAR. This offers a theoretical baseline for using these observables to further constrain the initial geometry and kinematic properties of the nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions.

Keywords:

relativistic heavy ion collision /
quark-gluon plasma /
directed flow /
$ \Lambda/\bar{\Lambda} $ global polarization

作者及机构信息

1.
湖北工程学院物理与电子信息工程学院, 孝感　432000

2.
华中师范大学物理学院, 粒子物理研究所, 夸克与轻子物理教育部重点实验室, 武汉　430079

3.
山东大学前沿交叉科学青岛研究院, 青岛　266237

通信作者: 曹杉杉, shanshan.cao@sdu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11935007, 12175122, 2021-867)、广东省基础与应用基础研究重大专项(批准号: 2020B0301030008)、湖北省自然科学基金(批准号:2021CFB272)、湖北省教育厅中青年人才项目(批准号: Q20212703)和教育部夸克与轻子物理重点实验室开放基金(批准号: QLPL202104)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China

2.
Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE), Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

3.
Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

Corresponding author: Cao Shan-Shan, shanshan.cao@sdu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11935007, 12175122, 2021-867), the Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2020B0301030008), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 2021CFB272), the Young Talents Project of the Education Department of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. Q20212703), and the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics of the Education Ministry of China (Grant No. QLPL202104)

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参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 相对论重离子碰撞中核-核非对心对撞示意图, 碰撞后介质沿纵向($ \pm\hat{{\boldsymbol{z}}} $)方向不对称. QGP火球在碰撞平面(xz平面)上存在逆时针旋转的纵向倾斜

Fig. 1. Schematic figure for non-central heavy-ion collisions. Counter-clockwise tilt of the QGP fireball is created in the reaction (xz) plane

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 非对心Au+Au碰撞产生的QGP的初始能量密度(上)与重子数密度(下)在反应平面内的分布. 此处展现了中心度为 20%—60% (b = 9.0 fm)下200 AGeV Au+Au 碰撞的情形. 箭头表示QGP 火球相对于纵方向的逆时针倾斜

Fig. 2. The initial energy density (up) and baryon density (down) on the $ \eta_{{\rm{s}}} $-$ x $ plane in 20%–60% (b = 9.0 fm) 200 AGeV Au+Au collisions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 末态带电强子在200 AGeV Au+Au碰撞不同中心度的赝快度分布$ {\rm{d}}N_{{\rm{ch}}}/{\rm{d}}\eta $. 实线为理论计算结果, 实心圆点为 RHIC-PHOBOS 的测量结果^[40]

Fig. 3. Pseudorapidity distribution $ {\rm{d}}N_{{\rm{ch}}}/{\rm{d}}\eta $ of charged light hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}} = 200 $ GeV, compared between the CLVisc hydrodynamic calculation and the PHOBOS data^[40]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 200 AGeV Au+Au 碰撞不同中心度的直接流$ v_{1} $. 左图为带电粒子直接流对赝快度的依赖, 右图为质子及反质子直接流对快度的依赖. 实验结果取自STAR实验组^[43,44]

Fig. 4. Directed flow $ v_{1} $ of charged hadrons (left) and protons and anti-protons (right) in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}} = 200 $ GeV, compared between the CLVisc hydrodynamic calculation and the STAR data^[43,44]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 200 AGeV Au+Au碰撞在不同中心度的超子整体自旋极化$ P^y $. 左图为Λ超子的四种自旋极化(thermal, shear, accT, chemical)随碰撞中心度的依赖. 右图为Λ和$ \overline{\Lambda} $超子的四种自旋极化之和(total = thermal + shear + accT + chemical)随中心度的依赖. 实验数取自RHIC-STAR^[25]. 需要注意的是, 根据最新的超子衰变参数$ \alpha_{\Lambda} $, STAR合作组采集到的数据点被缩放了 0.877倍

Fig. 5. Global polarization $ P^y $ of Λ and $ \bar{\Lambda} $ as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=200 $ GeV, compared between the CLVisc hydrodynamic calculation and the STAR data ^[25]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 在200 AGe Au+Au碰撞中心度20%—60% 超子整体自旋极化$ P^y $对横动量$ p_{\rm{T}} $的依赖关系. 左图为 Λ超子的四种自旋极化随横动量$ p_{\rm{T}} $的依赖. 右图为Λ和$ \overline{\Lambda} $超子四种贡献之和的整体自旋极化随横动量$ p_T $的依赖. 实验数据取自RHIC-STAR^[25]

Fig. 6. Global polarization $ P^y $ of Λ and $ \bar{\Lambda} $ as a function of transverse momentum $ p_{\rm{T}} $ in 20%–60% Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=200 $ GeV, compared between the CLVisc hydrodynamic calculation and the STAR data^[25]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 200 AGeV Au+Au碰撞在中心度为20%–60%的超子整体自旋极化率$ P^y $随赝快度$ \eta $的分布. 左图为Λ超子的四种自旋极化随赝快度$ \eta $ 的分布. 右图为Λ超子和$ \overline{\Lambda} $超子四种贡献之和的整体自旋极化率随赝快度的分布. 实验数据来自RHIC-STAR^[25]

Fig. 7. Global polarization $ P^y $ of Λ and $ \bar{\Lambda} $ as a function of pseudo-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=200 $ GeV, compared between the CLVisc hydrodynamic calculation and the STAR data^[25]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

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[2]	Rischke D H, Pürsün Y, Maruhn J A, Stoecker H, Greiner W 1995 Acta Phys. Hung. A 1 309 Google Scholar
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