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随着3D NAND技术的发展,存储阵列工艺的堆叠层数越来越高,后栅工艺中金属钨(W)栅字线(WL)层填充的工艺也面临越来越严峻的挑战。钨栅沉积工艺中的主要挑战在于氟攻击问题,钨栅填充时产生的空洞导致了含氟(F)副产物的积聚,并在后续高温制程的激发下,扩散侵蚀其周边氧化物层,致使字线漏电,严重影响器件的良率及可靠性。为改善氟攻击问题,通常在钨栅沉积之前再沉积一层薄的氮化钛作为阻挡层。然而在对栅极叠层组分分析中发现,F元素聚集在TiN薄膜表面,并且难以通过退火排出。本文采用第一性原理计算,研究了TiN薄膜表面吸附含F物种的情况,提出TiN的表面氧化能加剧对含F物种的吸附作用,以仿真结果指导了栅极工艺过程的优化方向。基于第一性原理计算结果,提出氨气吹扫表面处理方法,有效改善了3D NAND中的氟攻击问题,将字线漏电率降低25 %,晶圆翘曲度降低43 %。3D NAND flash memory stands as a pivotal technology in the domain of mainstream memory solutions, primarily due to its exceptionally low bit cost. The architecture of 3D NAND, characterized by its vertically stacked design, substantially enhances the capacity of individual chips. This advancement aligns perfectly with the demands for high-capacity data storage in contemporary settings, securing its widespread adoption across diverse application scenarios. As storage densities increase, so does the complexity of process integration, introducing new challenges. The word lines in 3D NAND are typically filled using gate replacement techniques, with Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) favored for its superior step-coverage, especially for depositing tungsten (W) at the gate, compared to Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). However, due to the complexity of the replacement gate deposition structure, fluorine (F) residues are found in the voids of the tungsten metal gate filling structure and diffuse into the surrounding structure under subsequent process conditions, corroding other films such as silicon oxide and degrading device performance and reliability. To ameliorate the fluorine attack problem, a thin layer of titanium nitride is usually deposited as a barrier layer before tungsten gate deposition, which blocks the fluorine in the tungsten gate and prevents it from diffusing into the oxide layer. Previously, there are studies to increase the ability to stop F diffusion by varying the thickness of the F blocking layer (TiN). However, increasing the thickness of TiN will further exacerbate the complexity of high aspect ratio etching in the 3D NAND process, thereby adversely affecting subsequent processes. To further minimize the effect of fluorine attack, residual fluorine elements can also be expelled by introducing annealing in the subsequent process stream. In the actual 3D NAND process, elemental fluorine (F) is adsorbed and accumulates on the TiN surface, and is further activated by subsequent high-temperature processes, leading to severe fluorine attack. The delay between TiN deposition and subsequent processing steps is hypothesized to facilitate fluorine adsorption due to the oxidation of TiN. This paper corroborates the hypothesis through first-principles calculations, demonstrating the role of TiN oxidation in fluorine adsorption. This paper evaluates the impact of this oxidation on the fluorine-blocking effectiveness of the TiN barrier layer. We simulate the adsorption of fluorine-containing by-products on TiN and its oxides, providing theoretical insights into mitigating fluorine attack. The higher degree of TiN oxidation is more likely to cause F adsorption, and Ti exposed surface TiN is more prone to oxidation, which is more likely to cause F adsorption in both unoxidized and oxidized conditions. Based on these insights, we implemented an ammonia purge treatment in 3D NAND manufacturing, which effectively minimized fluorine attack, reducing word line leakage probability by 25 % and wafer warpage by 43 %.
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Keywords:
- 3D NAND Flash Memory /
- Fluorine Attacking /
- The First Principle
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