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Nambu-Goldstone理论指出：连续对称的破缺会产生零能的玻色激发。在超导相变中，连续的局域U (1)规范对称发生破缺，理应产生零能的集体模式（即超导相位模式）。1962年，Philip Anderson指出：库珀对（Cooper pairs）之间的库伦相互作用使该零能模跃迁至等离子体频率。因此超流体在库珀对配对能量（2Δ）以内不存在玻色激发，这套机制还导致介导电磁相互作用的光子获得质量。Anderson机制为超导体保持零损耗电流、展现完全抗磁效应提供了微观解释。1964年，为解释介导电弱相互作用的W±,Z玻色子为何具有质量，Peter Higgs,François Englert,Tom Kibble等人分别提出自然界中存在（现称作） Higgs场的假设：该物质场与零质量的W±,Z玻色子耦合，使它们产生质量。这套机制与超导体中光子产生质量的机制相似，被统称为Anderson-Higgs机制。2013年，欧洲大型强子对撞机捕捉到Higgs场的标量激发（即Higgs boson）的实验证据，证实了半个世纪以来关于Higgs场的猜想。与Higgs boson对应的超导振幅模式因此被称作超导Higgs模式。近半个世纪以来，在众多超导材料的谱学研究中，该模式同样难寻踪迹。近年来，超快/非线性谱学技术的发展与运用使谱学实验可以更加有效地捕获Higgs模式的踪迹。本文将介绍超导Higgs模式的历史背景与最新研究进展，讨论Higgs模式可能为高温超导研究带来的崭新视角、机遇与挑战。As pointed out by Nambu-Goldstone theorem, continuous symmetry breaking gives rise to massless or gapless bosonic excitations. In superconductors, continuous local U(1) gauge symmetry is broken. The gapless excitation thus created is the collective phase mode of the superconducting order parameter. In 1962, Philip Anderson pointed out that the Coulomb interaction between Cooper pairs lifts this gapless mode to the superconducting plasma frequency. Therefore, in a superconducting fluid there are no bosonic excitations below the binding energy of the Cooper pairs (2Δ). Anderson’s mechanism also implies that the massless photon which mediates electromagnetic interaction becomes massive in a superconductor. This mechanism provides a microscopic theory for the dissipationless charge transport (in conjunction with Landau’s criterion for superfluidity) as well as the Meissner effect inside a superconductor. Jumping into particle physics, in 1964 in order to explain why the gauge bosons for electroweak interaction, namely the W±, Z bosons, are massive, Peter Higgs, François Englert, Tom Kibble and colleagues proposed the existence of a field (presently referred to as the Higgs field) in nature. This matter field couples to the massless W±, Z bosons and generates mass via the Higgs mechanism. Due to their conceptual similarities, these two mechanisms are collectively referred to as the Anderson-Higgs mechanism nowadays. In 2013, the detection of the scalar excitation of the Higgs field, namely the Higgs boson, at the Large Hadron Collider provided the final proof for the Higgs hypothesis almost 50 years after its conception. The amplitude mode of the superconducting order parameter, which corresponds to the Higgs boson through the above analogy, is referred to as the Higgs mode of a superconductor. Its spectroscopic detection has also remained elusive for nearly half a century. In recent years, the development of ultrafast and nonlinear spectroscopic techniques enabled an effective approach for investigating the Higgs mode of superconductors. This article will introduce the historical background of the Higgs mode and review the recent developments in its spectroscopy investigation. We will also discuss the novel perspectives and insights that may be learnt from these studies for future high-temperature superconductivity research.
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Keywords:
- Higgs mode /
- superconducting fluctuations /
- nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy /
- ultrafast spectroscopy
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