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虽然空化效应与机械效应在超声溶栓中的作用机制已得到充分证实和深入研究，但是对于血栓类生物材料，其浓度依赖的应变硬化特性对超声诱导冲击波效应的影响仍受到广泛关注。其中，快速的冲击波形成的空间定位与能量阈值的确定对临床治疗方案的优化具有重要指导价值。
本研究通过准静态单轴压缩实验，建立了纤维蛋白浓度依赖的幂律本构模型。基于凝块本构方程与非线性波动方程，研究了超声在凝块介质中传播的动力学特性。数值模拟结果表明：冲击波形成前的应力强间断现象源于凝块渐增硬化特性导致的位移突变；基于阈值限制的平均陡峭因子(ASF,Average Steepening Factor)冲击波定位判据受网格收敛性严重制约，而总谐波失真(THD,Total Harmonic Distortion)截断误差敏感性相对较低，基于THD定位判据的峰值应力显著高于前者且具有计算成本优势。参数化研究表明，纤维蛋白浓度增加导致冲击波形成位置延后且峰值应力增加。本研究为临床超声溶栓治疗中冲击波效应的快速定位和灵活调控提供了理论依据。Ultrasound thrombolysis stands out among various treatment methods due to its safety and high efficiency. While the cavitation and mechanical mechanisms underlying this technique are well-established, the impact of the concentration-dependent strain hardening properties of thrombotic biomaterials on ultrasound-induced shockwave effects remains a subject of considerable interest. Furthermore, the extremely short time window for effective clinical intervention necessitates precise spatial localization of rapidly formed shockwaves and determination of their energy thresholds for optimizing treatment protocols.
Considering that the primary mechanical properties of blood clots are dominated by the fibrin network, their stress-strain relationship exhibits a pronounced dependence on fibrin concentration. A power-law constitutive equation capable of characterizing the progressive hardening characteristics of clots was proposed here, based on results obtained from quasi-static compression tests performed on clots with varying fibrin concentrations. By employing the wave speed alterations induced by strain-hardening characteristics, which were incorporated into a third-order nonlinear ultrasound propagation wave equation, the dynamic characteristics underlying shock wave formation during ultrasound propagation through clot media were examined via numerical simulations. Results revealed that the pronounced stress discontinuity preceding this process originated from a sudden displacement change caused by the clot's progressive hardening. To accurately pinpoint the initiation location, the Average Steepening Factor (ASF), based on threshold limitation, was employed for localization. However, this method was severely constrained by mesh convergence issues, and improvements in finite precision incurred exponential increases in computational time. In contrast, the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), utilizing the extremum of frequency-domain energy for localization, demonstrated lower sensitivity to truncation errors and offered computational efficiency advantages. Parametric analysis indicated a maximum localization error of 2.55% between the two methods, with the peak stress determined by the THD criterion being significantly higher than that identified by the ASF method.
Based on experimentally fitted constitutive equations for different concentrations, numerical simulations of wave propagation indicated that increasing fibrin concentration delayed the shockwave formation position by 91.7% and increased the peak stress by 60% according to the THD criterion, due to fibrin concentration increasing from 10 mg/mL to 35 mg/mL. Corresponding fitting formulas were derived. Through real-time THD feedback and acoustic field parameter regulation, a theoretical basis is provided for the rapid localization and flexible control of shockwave effects in clinical ultrasound thrombolysis.-
Keywords:
- Ultrasonic thrombolysis /
- Shock wave effects /
- increasingly hardening material /
- Average steepening factor
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