多模式固态量子存储

杨天书; 周宗权; 李传锋; 郭光灿

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20182207

摘要

量子存储器是光子与物质系统之间的接口, 允许存入和读出加载了量子信息的光子, 是构建实用化量子网络的核心器件. 基于稀土掺杂晶体可以实现固态的量子存储器, 较长的相干时间和较宽的存储带宽使其成为目前最有潜力的量子物理系统之一. 本文综述近年来基于稀土掺杂晶体的多模式固态量子存储方面的实验进展. 主要内容包括频率自由度的多模式量子存储、时间自由度的多模式量子存储、空间自由度的多模式量子存储和多个自由度并行复用的多模式量子存储. 在多自由度复用的多模式存储的基础上进一步介绍基于量子存储器的量子模式变换和实时的任意操作. 该系列工作为构建高速率的实用化量子网络奠定基础, 其中超越存储器本身的脉冲操作功能还有望在未来量子信息处理过程中获得广泛的应用.

关键词:

Abstract

The faithful storage and coherent manipulation of single photon state in a matter-system are crucial for linear-optical quantum computation, long-distance quantum communication, and quantum networking.To reach useful data rate in a large-scale quantum network, highly multimode quantum memories are required to build a multiplexed quantum repeater.Rare-earth-ion doped crystal (REIC) is very promising material as a candidate for multimode quantum storage due to the wide inhomogeneous broadening and long optical coherence time.In this article, we review the recent advances in multimode quantum memories based on REICs.First, we briefly introduce the properties of REIC and the atomic frequency comb protocol based on REIC.Next, we review the achievements of multimode quantum memories based on REIC in recent years, including frequency, temporal and spatial multimode storage.Afterwards, we review our experimental work on multiplexed storage based on a multiple degree-of-freedom quantum memory.Finally, we introduce the quantum mode converter and real-time arbitrary manipulations based on the multiple degree-of-freedom quantum memory. The combination of storage and real-time manipulation in a device should enable the construction of a versatility quantum repeater.This review highlights that multimode quantum memories based on REIC can be found to possess some practical applications in developing the optical quantum information processing in the near future.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学, 中国科学院量子信息重点实验室, 合肥　230026

2.
中国科学技术大学, 量子信息和量子科技前沿创新中心, 合肥　230026

通信作者: 周宗权, zq_zhou@ustc.edu.cn ; 李传锋, cfli@ustc.edu.cn ;

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2017YFA0304100)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61327901, 11774331, 11774335, 11504362, 11821404, 11654002)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

2.
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Zhou Zong-Quan, zq_zhou@ustc.edu.cn ; Li Chuan-Feng, cfli@ustc.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61327901, 11774331, 11774335, 11504362, 11821404, 11654002).

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参考文献

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[4]	Zhou Z Q, Huelga S F, Li C F, Guo G C 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 113002 Google Scholar
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[7]	Wehner S, Elkouss D, Hanson R 2018 Science 362 9288 Google Scholar
[8]	Collins O A, Jenkins S D, Kuzmich A, Kennedy T A B 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 060502 Google Scholar
[9]	Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Afzelius M, Sangouard N, Zbinden H, Gisin N 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 190503 Google Scholar
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[16]	Liu G, Jacquier B 2005 Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, Springer Press) pp11−126
[17]	Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177 Google Scholar
[18]	周宗权 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学) Zhou Z Q 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[19]	Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Jin J, Slater J A, Oblak D, Bussières F, George M, Ricken R, Sohler W, Tittel W 2011 Nature 469 512 Google Scholar
[20]	Seri A, Corrielli G, Lago-Rivera D, Lenhard A, de Riedmatten H, Osellame R, Mazzera M 2018 Optica 5 934 Google Scholar
[21]	Afzelius M, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 052329 Google Scholar
[22]	de Riedmatten H, Afzelius M, Staudt M U, Simon C, Gisin N 2008 Nature 456 773 Google Scholar
[23]	Bonarota M, Gouët J L L, Chanelière T 2011 New J. Phys. 13 013013 Google Scholar
[24]	Tiranov A, Strassmann P C, Lavoie J, Brunner N, Huber M, Verma V B, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Lita A E, Marsili F, Afzelius M, Bussières F, Gisin N 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 240506 Google Scholar
[25]	Müller M, Bounouar S, Jöns K D, Glässl M, Michler F 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 224 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhou Z Q, Lin W B, Yang M, Li C F, Guo G C 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 190505 Google Scholar
[27]	Huber D, Reindl M, da Silva S F C, Schimpf C, Martín-Sánchez J, Huang H Y, Piredda G, Edlinger J, Rastelli A, Trotta R 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 033902 Google Scholar
[28]	Morse K J, Abraham R J S, DeAbreu A, Bowness C, Richards T S, Riemann H, Abrosimov N V, Becker P, Pohl H J, Thewalt M L W, Simmons S 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1700930 Google Scholar
[29]	Gündoğan M, Mazzera M, Ledingham P M, Cristiani M, de Riedmatten H 2013 New J. Phys. 15 045012 Google Scholar
[30]	Jobez P, Laplane C, Timoney N, Gisin N, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Afzelius M 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 230502 Google Scholar
[31]	Jobez P, Timoney N, Laplane C, Etesse J, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Gisin N, Afzelius M 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 032327 Google Scholar
[32]	Erhard M, Fickler R, Krenn M, Zeilinger A 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 17146 Google Scholar
[33]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185 Google Scholar
[34]	Collins D, Gisin N, Linden N, Massar S, Popescu S 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 040404 Google Scholar
[35]	O’Brien J L, Pryde G J, Gilchrist A, James D F V, Langford N K, Ralph T C, White A G 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 080502 Google Scholar
[36]	Hua Y L, Zhou Z Q, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020303 Google Scholar
[37]	Barreiro J T, Wei T C, Kwiat P G 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 282 Google Scholar
[38]	Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Gabriel H, Longdell J J, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2009 Nature 461 241 Google Scholar
[39]	Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Slater J A, Heshami K, Oblak D, Tittel W 2014 New J. Phys. 16 065019 Google Scholar
[40]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Jin X M, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Lee K C, Kolthammer W S, Langford N K, Walmsley I A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 263602 Google Scholar
[41]	Motes K R, Gilchrist A, Dowling J P, Rohde P P 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 120501 Google Scholar
[42]	Motes K R, Dowling J P, Gilchrist A, Rohde P P 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 052319 Google Scholar
[43]	Ahlefeldt R L, Zhong M, Bartholomew J, Sellars M 2013 J. Lumin. 143 193 Google Scholar
[44]	Ahlefeldt R L, Hush M R, Sellars M J 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 250504 Google Scholar
[45]	Ahlefeldt R L, Hutchison W, Manson N, Sellars M J 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 184424 Google Scholar
[46]	Ma Y, Zhou Z Q, Han Y J, Liu C, Yang T S, Tu T, Xiao Y X, Liang P J, Li P Y, Hua Y L, Liu X, Li Z F, Hu J, Li X, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 J. Lumin. 202 32 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhong T, Kindem J M, Bartholomew J G, Rochman J, Craiciu I, Miyazono E, Bettinelli M, Cavalli E, Verma V, Nam S W, Marsili F, Shaw M D, Beyer A D, Faraon A 2017 Science 357 1392 Google Scholar
[48]	Zhong T, Kindem J M, Miyazono E, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8206 Google Scholar
[49]	Hedges M P, Longdell J J, Li Y, Sellars M J 2010 Nature 465 1052 Google Scholar
[50]	Liu X, Zhou Z Q, Hua Y L, Li C F, Guo G C 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 012319 Google Scholar
[51]	Morton J J, Mølmer K 2015 Nature 517 153 Google Scholar
[52]	Timoney N, Usmani I, Jobez P, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 022324 Google Scholar
[53]	Gündoğan M, Ledingham P M, Kutluer K, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 230501 Google Scholar
[54]	Humphrey P C, Metcalf B J, Spring J B, Moore M, Jin X M, Barbieri M, Kolthammer W S, Walmsley I A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 150501 Google Scholar
[55]	Kutluer K, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 210502 Google Scholar
[56]	Laplane C, Jobez P, Etesse J, Gisin N, Afzelius M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 210501 Google Scholar
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施引文献

图 1 确定性真光子的多模式存储　(a) 1个时间模式存储40 ns的时间谱; (b) 20个时间模式存储100 ns的时间谱; (c) 100个时间模式存储500 ns的时间谱; (d) 图(c)中方框部分的放大图 ^[11]

Fig. 1. Multimode quantum storage of single photons: (a) The histogram of single photon storage in one temporal mode for 40 ns; (b) the histogram of single photon storage in 20 temporal modes for 100 ns; (c) the histogram of single photon storage in 100 temporal modes for 500 ns; (d) the enlarge of the rectangle regions in panel (c) ^[11].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 存储器的模式容量分析　(a) 研究多模式存储容量的实验装置; (b) 三维空间的OAM态通过量子过程层析重构密度矩阵$\chi_{2}$的实部; (c) 高维叠加态$\mid\!\!\varPsi_{+}(l)\rangle$的存储结果 ^[13]

Fig. 2. The exploration of the multimode capacity in the spatial domain of the quantum memory: (a) The setup is used for exploration of the multimode capacity of the memory; (b) graphical representation of the real part of the reconstructed process matrix $\chi_{2}$ in three dimensions; (c) the memory performance for quantum superposition states $\mid\!\!\varPsi_{+}(l)\rangle$^[13].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 单光子水平的多自由度复用的自旋波存储　(a) 在存储晶体的非均匀展宽上制作的两个间距为80 MHz的AFC (红色)和滤波晶体的吸收线(黑色); (b) 3个独立的空间模式的输入; (c) 时间、频率和空间自由度同时复用的自旋波存储 ^[14]

Fig. 3. Multiplexed storage in multiple-degree-of-freedom at single photon level: (a) The double AFC structure (red) in the memory crystal and the double filter structure (black) in the filter crystal; (b) three independent spatial modes carrying different OAM states are employed for spatial multiplexing; (c) a demonstration of temporal, spectral and spatial multiplexed storage for single-photon level input ^[14].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 将时间和频率自由度作为“信道”, 将空间自由度使用qutrit态编码的多路复用存储(a), (b)和量子模式转换(c), (d)^[14]

Fig. 4. (a), (b) Multiplexed storage and (c), (d) quantum mode conversion for spatial encoded qutrit state using four temporal and spectral channels^[14].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 时间和频率模式的实时任意操作　(a) 轨道角动量的qutrit态$\mid\!\!\psi_1\rangle$加载在$ f_{1}t_{1}$和$ f_{2}t_{2}$模式上; 红色代表频率为$f_{1}$的光子, 蓝色代表频率为$f_{2}$的光子; (b) 轨道角动量的qutrit态$\mid\!\!\psi_2\rangle$加载在$f_{1}t_{2}$和$f_{2}t_{2}$模式上^[14]

Fig. 5. Arbitrary temporal and spectral manipulations in real time: (a) The OAM qutrit state $\mid\!\!\psi_1\rangle$ is encoded on the $f_{1}t_{1}$ and $f_{2}t_{2}$ modes; (b) the OAM qutrit state $\mid\!\!\psi_2\rangle$ is encoded on the $f_{1}t_{2}$ and $f_{2}t_{2}$ modes^[14].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Kok P, Munro W J, Nemoto K, Ralph T C, Dowling J P, Milburn G J 2007 Rev. Mod. Phys. 79 135 Google Scholar
[2]	Lvovsky A I, Sanders B C, Tittel W 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 706 Google Scholar
[3]	Heshami K, England D G, Humphreys P C, Bustard P J, Acosta V M, Nunn J, Sussman B J 2016 J. Mod. Opt. 63 2005 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhou Z Q, Huelga S F, Li C F, Guo G C 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 113002 Google Scholar
[5]	Sangouard M, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 33 Google Scholar
[6]	Briegel H J, Dur W, Cirac J I, Zoller P 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5932 Google Scholar
[7]	Wehner S, Elkouss D, Hanson R 2018 Science 362 9288 Google Scholar
[8]	Collins O A, Jenkins S D, Kuzmich A, Kennedy T A B 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 060502 Google Scholar
[9]	Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Afzelius M, Sangouard N, Zbinden H, Gisin N 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 190503 Google Scholar
[10]	Usmani I, Afzelius M, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2010 Nat. Commun. 1 12 Google Scholar
[11]	Tang J S, Zhou Z Q, Wang Y T, Li Y L, Liu X, Hua Y L, Zou Y, Wang S, He D Y, Chen G, Sun Y N, Yu Y, Li M F, Zha G W, Ni H Q, Niu Z C, Li C F, Guo G C 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8652 Google Scholar
[12]	Sinclair N, Saglamyurek E, Mallahzadeh H, Slater J A, George M, Ricken R, Hedges M P, Oblak D, Simon C, Sohler W, Tittel W 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 053603 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhou Z Q, Hua Y L, Liu X, Chen G, Xu J S, Han Y J, Guo G C 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 070502 Google Scholar
[14]	Yang T S, Zhou Z Q, Hua Y L, Liu X, Li Z F, Li P Y, Ma Y, Liu C, Liang P J, Li X, Xiao Y X, Hu J, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3407 Google Scholar
[15]	周宗权, 李传锋 2013 科学通报 58 287 Zhou Z Q, Li C F 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 287
[16]	Liu G, Jacquier B 2005 Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, Springer Press) pp11−126
[17]	Zhong M, Hedges M P, Ahlefeldt R L, Bartholomew J G, Beavan S E, Wittig S M, Longdell J J, Sellars M J 2015 Nature 517 177 Google Scholar
[18]	周宗权 2015 博士学位论文 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学) Zhou Z Q 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[19]	Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Jin J, Slater J A, Oblak D, Bussières F, George M, Ricken R, Sohler W, Tittel W 2011 Nature 469 512 Google Scholar
[20]	Seri A, Corrielli G, Lago-Rivera D, Lenhard A, de Riedmatten H, Osellame R, Mazzera M 2018 Optica 5 934 Google Scholar
[21]	Afzelius M, Simon C, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 052329 Google Scholar
[22]	de Riedmatten H, Afzelius M, Staudt M U, Simon C, Gisin N 2008 Nature 456 773 Google Scholar
[23]	Bonarota M, Gouët J L L, Chanelière T 2011 New J. Phys. 13 013013 Google Scholar
[24]	Tiranov A, Strassmann P C, Lavoie J, Brunner N, Huber M, Verma V B, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Lita A E, Marsili F, Afzelius M, Bussières F, Gisin N 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 240506 Google Scholar
[25]	Müller M, Bounouar S, Jöns K D, Glässl M, Michler F 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 224 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhou Z Q, Lin W B, Yang M, Li C F, Guo G C 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 190505 Google Scholar
[27]	Huber D, Reindl M, da Silva S F C, Schimpf C, Martín-Sánchez J, Huang H Y, Piredda G, Edlinger J, Rastelli A, Trotta R 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 033902 Google Scholar
[28]	Morse K J, Abraham R J S, DeAbreu A, Bowness C, Richards T S, Riemann H, Abrosimov N V, Becker P, Pohl H J, Thewalt M L W, Simmons S 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1700930 Google Scholar
[29]	Gündoğan M, Mazzera M, Ledingham P M, Cristiani M, de Riedmatten H 2013 New J. Phys. 15 045012 Google Scholar
[30]	Jobez P, Laplane C, Timoney N, Gisin N, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Afzelius M 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 230502 Google Scholar
[31]	Jobez P, Timoney N, Laplane C, Etesse J, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Gisin N, Afzelius M 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 032327 Google Scholar
[32]	Erhard M, Fickler R, Krenn M, Zeilinger A 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 17146 Google Scholar
[33]	Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185 Google Scholar
[34]	Collins D, Gisin N, Linden N, Massar S, Popescu S 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 040404 Google Scholar
[35]	O’Brien J L, Pryde G J, Gilchrist A, James D F V, Langford N K, Ralph T C, White A G 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 080502 Google Scholar
[36]	Hua Y L, Zhou Z Q, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020303 Google Scholar
[37]	Barreiro J T, Wei T C, Kwiat P G 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 282 Google Scholar
[38]	Hosseini M, Sparkes B M, Gabriel H, Longdell J J, Lam P K, Buchler B C 2009 Nature 461 241 Google Scholar
[39]	Saglamyurek E, Sinclair N, Slater J A, Heshami K, Oblak D, Tittel W 2014 New J. Phys. 16 065019 Google Scholar
[40]	Reim K F, Nunn J, Jin X M, Michelberger P S, Champion T F M, England D G, Lee K C, Kolthammer W S, Langford N K, Walmsley I A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 263602 Google Scholar
[41]	Motes K R, Gilchrist A, Dowling J P, Rohde P P 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 120501 Google Scholar
[42]	Motes K R, Dowling J P, Gilchrist A, Rohde P P 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 052319 Google Scholar
[43]	Ahlefeldt R L, Zhong M, Bartholomew J, Sellars M 2013 J. Lumin. 143 193 Google Scholar
[44]	Ahlefeldt R L, Hush M R, Sellars M J 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 250504 Google Scholar
[45]	Ahlefeldt R L, Hutchison W, Manson N, Sellars M J 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 184424 Google Scholar
[46]	Ma Y, Zhou Z Q, Han Y J, Liu C, Yang T S, Tu T, Xiao Y X, Liang P J, Li P Y, Hua Y L, Liu X, Li Z F, Hu J, Li X, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 J. Lumin. 202 32 Google Scholar
[47]	Zhong T, Kindem J M, Bartholomew J G, Rochman J, Craiciu I, Miyazono E, Bettinelli M, Cavalli E, Verma V, Nam S W, Marsili F, Shaw M D, Beyer A D, Faraon A 2017 Science 357 1392 Google Scholar
[48]	Zhong T, Kindem J M, Miyazono E, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8206 Google Scholar
[49]	Hedges M P, Longdell J J, Li Y, Sellars M J 2010 Nature 465 1052 Google Scholar
[50]	Liu X, Zhou Z Q, Hua Y L, Li C F, Guo G C 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 012319 Google Scholar
[51]	Morton J J, Mølmer K 2015 Nature 517 153 Google Scholar
[52]	Timoney N, Usmani I, Jobez P, Afzelius M, Gisin N 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 022324 Google Scholar
[53]	Gündoğan M, Ledingham P M, Kutluer K, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 230501 Google Scholar
[54]	Humphrey P C, Metcalf B J, Spring J B, Moore M, Jin X M, Barbieri M, Kolthammer W S, Walmsley I A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 150501 Google Scholar
[55]	Kutluer K, Mazzera M, de Riedmatten H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 210502 Google Scholar
[56]	Laplane C, Jobez P, Etesse J, Gisin N, Afzelius M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 210501 Google Scholar
[57]	Knill E, Laflamme R, Milburn G J 2001 Nature 409 46 Google Scholar

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