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声学超构材料作为一种新型的人工结构材料, 拥有天然材料所不具备的超常物理特性, 进一步拓展了材料的声学属性. 同时, 声学超构材料可以实现对声波精准的、可设计的操控, 以及许多新颖奇特的物理现象, 如声准直、声聚焦、声场隐身、声单向传输、声学超分辨成像等, 具有重要的理论研究意义和应用价值. 另外, 拓扑材料的研究已延伸至声学领域, 声学超构材料的拓扑性质成为近年的研究热点, 受到人们的广泛关注. 其鲁棒性边界态具有缺陷免疫、背散射抑制的特性, 应用潜力巨大. 本文综述了近十几年来声学超构材料的研究概况, 介绍了相关的代表性工作, 包括奇异等效声学参数的超构材料、声学超构表面、吸声超构材料、声学超分辨成像、宇称时间对称性声学和拓扑声学等, 阐述了声学超构材料的设计理念和方法, 并对其技术挑战和应用前景进行了讨论和总结.Acoustic metamaterials have opened up unprecedented possibilities for wave manipulation, and can be utilized to realize many novel and fascinating physical phenomena, such as acoustic self-collimation, cloaking, asymmetric transmission, and negative refraction. In this review, we explore the fundamental physics of acoustic metamaterials and introduce several exciting developments, including the realization of unconventional effective parameters, acoustic metasurface, total sound absorption, high-resolution imaging, parity-time-symmetric materials, and topological acoustics. Acoustic metamatetials with negative effective parameters that are not observed in nature expand acoustic properties of natural materials. Acoustic metasurfaces can exhibit wavefront-shaping capabilities, with thickness being much smaller than the wavelength. The precisely designed matematerials provide the new possibility of steering waves on a subwavelength scale, which can be used for acoustic high-resolution imaging beyond the diffraction limit. The metamaterial absorbers can achieve total sound absorption at low frequencies and exhibit broadband absorption spectrum. Moreover, structure designs guided by the topological physics further broaden the whole field of acoustic metamaterials. Phononic crystals have become aflexible platform for studying new physics and exotic phenomenarelated to topological phases. Finally, we conclude the developments of acoustic metamaterials, discuss the technical challenges, and introduce potential applications in this emerging field.
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Keywords:
- acoustic metamaterials /
- phononic crystals /
- topological acoustics /
- high-resolution imaging
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图 1 弹性模量ρ和体弹性模量K的参数空间图 (a) 负质量密度超构材料, ρ < 0, K > 0; (b) 天然材料, ρ > 0, K > 0; (c) 双负超构材料, ρ < 0, K < 0; (d) 负体弹性模量超构材料, ρ > 0, K < 0
Fig. 1. Parameter space for mass density ρ and bulk modulus K: (a) Metamaterials with negative effective mass density, ρ < 0, K > 0; (b) natural materials, ρ > 0, K > 0; (c) double-negative metamaterials, ρ < 0, K < 0; (d) metamaterials with negative effective bulk modulus, ρ > 0, K < 0
图 3 声学超构表面的三种典型形式及其物理效应 (a)反射型超构表面; (b)透射型超构表面; (c)吸收型超构表面;(d)自弯曲波束调控; (e)声学全息成像; (f)低频完美吸声体
Fig. 3. Three typical forms of acoustic metasurfaces and their physical effects: (a) Reflective metasurfaces; (b) transmissive metasurfaces; (c) absorbing metasurfaces; (d) the self-bending beam; (e) acoustic holographic imaging; (f) perfect sound absorber at low frequency
图 6 (a)引入环流的声学陈绝缘体及其投影能带; (b)基于模式杂化的声学拓扑绝缘体结构及其投影能带; (c)引入滑移对称性的三维拓扑声子晶体及其投影能带
Fig. 6. (a) Acoustic topological Chern insulator by incorporating the circulating flow and its projected energy band; (b) acoustic topological insulator based on hybridized modes and its projected energy band; (c) three-dimensional topological acoustic crystals with glide symmetry and its projected energy band.
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