拓扑材料等离激元谱学研究

王冲; 邢巧霞; 谢元钢; 晏湖根

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20191098

摘要

等离激元光子学是现代光电子科学重要的组成部分. 除了传统的基于贵金属的等离激元研究, 随着新材料的快速发展, 越来越多具有新颖的等离激元性质的材料被发现. 典型的例子是具有高局域性和可调节性的石墨烯等离激元. 随着拓扑理论和实验的快速发展, 与石墨烯一样具有狄拉克线性色散的拓扑材料的等离激元光谱研究也取得了长足的进步. 本文首先介绍拓扑绝缘体和拓扑半金属的等离激元的谱学实验进展, 特别是光谱方面的进展. 随后对更多的有潜力适合二维等离激元研究的拓扑材料进行了展望.

关键词:

Abstract

Plasmonics plays an important role in the development of nanophotonics, which allows breaking diffraction limit and controlling light in deep-subwavelength scale due to the strong interaction between light and free carriers. Noble metals and 2-dimensional electron gas have been the main platforms for studying plasmonics over the past decade. The metal-based plasmonic devices have exhibited great potential in various applications, including integrated photonic systems, biological sensing, super-resolution imaging and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, etc. Because of the high carrier density, plasmons of noble metals are realized in the near-infrared to visible frequency range. With the rapid development of new materials, many other plasmonic materials are discovered to exhibit new properties. One example is the graphene plasmons working in the mid-infrared and terahertz spectral range, which exhibit strong field confinement and frequency tunability due to the massless Dirac fermions and other exotic electrical and optical properties. Recently, topological materials, the band structures of which are composed of cones with linear dispersion like in graphene, are discovered, such as the topological insulators, Dirac semimetals, Weyl semimetals and nodal line semimetals, providing another platform to study the Dirac plasmons. Such linear dispersion results in small electron mass and unique carrier density dependence of plasmons. In addition, topological materials possess a tremendous amount of exotic electron properties, such as the ultrahigh mobility, topological surface states and chiral anomaly in Weyl semimetals, etc. Many of these electronic properties can be inherited by the collective oscillation of free electrons, promising new possibility for plasmonics. Here, the experimental observations of plasmons in topological insulators and topological semimetals are reviewed, with special focus on the studies based on electron energy loss spectrum and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At the end, other topological materials with potential for hosting 2D plasmons are discussed. This review provides an overview of plasmons in topological semimetals and may stimulate further quest of more exotic features for plasmons.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

复旦大学物理系, 上海　200438

通信作者: 王冲, wangchong_01@126.com ; 晏湖根, hgyan@fudan.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(批准号: 11704075)和中国博士后科学基金资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China

Corresponding author: Wang Chong, wangchong_01@126.com ; Yan Hu-Gen, hgyan@fudan.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11704075) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Brongersma M L, Shalaev V M 2010 Science 328 440 Google Scholar
[2]	West P R, Ishii S, Naik G V, Emani N K, Shalaev V M, Boltasseva A 2010 Laser Photonics Rev. 4 795 Google Scholar
[3]	Huang S, Song C, Zhang G, Yan H 2016 Nanophotonics 6 1191
[4]	Low T, Avouris P 2014 ACS Nano 8 1086 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen J, Badioli M, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Thongrattanasiri S, Huth F, Osmond J, Spasenovic M, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Godignon P, Elorza A Z, Camara N, Garcia de Abajo F J, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H 2012 Nature 487 77 Google Scholar
[6]	Fei Z, Rodin A S, Andreev G O, Bao W, McLeod A S, Wagner M, Zhang L M, Zhao Z, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Fogler M M, Castro Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82 Google Scholar
[7]	Ju L, Geng B, Horng J, Girit C, Martin M, Hao Z, Bechtel H A, Liang X, Zettl A, Shen Y R, Wang F 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 630 Google Scholar
[8]	Jia W, Ren P W, Tian Y C, Fan C Z 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 026102 Google Scholar
[9]	Ding G W, Liu S B, Zhang H F, Kong X K, Li H M, Li B X, Liu S Y, Li H 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 118103 Google Scholar
[10]	Das Sarma S, Hwang E H 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 206412 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang H, Liu C X, Qi X L, Dai X, Fang Z, Zhang S C 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 438 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Z H, Gao X P A, Zhang Z D 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 107901 Google Scholar
[13]	Liu Z K, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Wang Z J, Weng H M, Prabhakaran D, Mo S K, Shen Z X, Fang Z, Dai X, Hussain Z, Chen Y L 2014 Science 343 864 Google Scholar
[14]	Borisenko S, Gibson Q, Evtushinsky D, Zabolotnyy V, Büchner B, Cava R J 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 027603 Google Scholar
[15]	Neupane M, Xu S Y, Sankar R, Alidoust N, Bian G, Liu C, Belopolski I, Chang T R, Jeng H T, Lin H, Bansil A, Chou F, Hasan M Z 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3786 Google Scholar
[16]	Liu Z K, Jiang J, Zhou B, Wang Z J, Zhang Y, Weng H M, Prabhakaran D, Mo S K, Peng H, Dudin P, Kim T, Hoesch M, Fang Z, Dai X, Shen Z X, Feng D L, Hussain Z, Chen Y L 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 677 Google Scholar
[17]	Li Q, Kharzeev D E, Zhang C, Huang Y, Pletikosić I, Fedorov A V, Zhong R D, Schneeloch J A, Gu G D, Valla T 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 550 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang Z, Sun Y, Chen X Q, Franchini C, Xu G, Weng H, Dai X, Fang Z 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 195320 Google Scholar
[19]	Burkov A A, Balents L 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 127205 Google Scholar
[20]	Halász G B, Balents L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 035103 Google Scholar
[21]	Huang S M, Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Lee C C, Chang G, Wang B, Alidoust N, Bian G, Neupane M, Zhang C, Jia S, Bansil A, Lin H, Hasan M Z 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7373 Google Scholar
[22]	Weng H, Fang C, Fang Z, Bernevig B A, Dai X 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 011029
[23]	Souma S, Wang Z, Kotaka H, Sato T, Nakayama K, Tanaka Y, Kimizuka H, Takahashi T, Yamauchi K, Oguchi T, Segawa K, Ando Y 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 161112 Google Scholar
[24]	Lv B Q, Weng H M, Fu B B, Wang X P, Miao H, Ma J, Richard P, Huang X C, Zhao L X, Chen G F, Fang Z, Dai X, Qian T, Ding H 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 031013
[25]	Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Alidoust N, Neupane M, Bian G, Zhang C, Sankar R, Chang G, Yuan Z, Lee C C, Huang S M, Zheng H, Ma J, Sanchez D S, Wang B, Bansil A, Chou F, Shibayev P P, Lin H, Jia S, Hasan M Z 2015 Science 349 613 Google Scholar
[26]	Xu S Y, Alidoust N, Belopolski I, Yuan Z, Bian G, Chang T-R, Zheng H, Strocov V N, Sanchez D S, Chang G, Zhang C, Mou D, Wu Y, Huang L, Lee C C, Huang S M, Wang B, Bansil A, Jeng H T, Neupert T, Kaminski A, Lin H, Jia S, Zahid Hasan M 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 748 Google Scholar
[27]	Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Sanchez D S, Zhang C, Chang G, Guo C, Bian G, Yuan Z, Lu H, Chang T R, Shibayev P P, Prokopovych M L, Alidoust N, Zheng H, Lee C C, Huang S M, Sankar R, Chou F, Hsu C H, Jeng H T, Bansil A, Neupert T, Strocov V N, Lin H, Jia S, Hasan M Z 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1501092 Google Scholar
[28]	Burkov A A, Hook M D, Balents L 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 235126 Google Scholar
[29]	Fang C, Weng H, Dai X, Fang Z 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 117106 Google Scholar
[30]	Wu Y, Wang L L, Mun E, Johnson D D, Mou D, Huang L, Lee Y, Bud’ko S L, Canfield P C, Kaminski A 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 667 Google Scholar
[31]	Schoop L M, Ali M N, Strasser C, Topp A, Varykhalov A, Marchenko D, Duppel V, Parkin S S, Lotsch B V, Ast C R 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11696 Google Scholar
[32]	Neupane M, Belopolski I, Hosen M M, Sanchez D S, Sankar R, Szlawska M, Xu S Y, Dimitri K, Dhakal N, Maldonado P, Oppeneer P M, Kaczorowski D, Chou F, Hasan M Z, Durakiewicz T 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 201104 Google Scholar
[33]	Hu J, Tang Z, Liu J, Liu X, Zhu Y, Graf D, Myhro K, Tran S, Lau C N, Wei J, Mao Z 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 016602 Google Scholar
[34]	Bian G, Chang T R, Sankar R, Xu S Y, Zheng H, Neupert T, Chiu C K, Huang S M, Chang G, Belopolski I, Sanchez D S, Neupane M, Alidoust N, Liu C, Wang B, Lee C C, Jeng H T, Zhang C, Yuan Z, Jia S, Bansil A, Chou F, Lin H, Hasan M Z 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10556 Google Scholar
[35]	Feng B, Fu B, Kasamatsu S, Ito S, Cheng P, Liu C C, Feng Y, Wu S, Mahatha S K, Sheverdyaeva P, Moras P, Arita M, Sugino O, Chiang T C, Shimada K, Miyamoto K, Okuda T, Wu K, Chen L, Yao Y, Matsuda I 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1007 Google Scholar
[36]	Song H D, Sheng D, Wang A Q, Li J G, Yu D P, Liao Z M 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 037301 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang H, Wang J 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 107402 Google Scholar
[38]	Ali M N, Xiong J, Flynn S, Tao J, Gibson Q D, Schoop L M, Liang T, Haldolaarachchige N, Hirschberger M, Ong N P, Cava R J 2014 Nature 514 205 Google Scholar
[39]	Huang X, Zhao L, Long Y, Wang P, Chen D, Yang Z, Liang H, Xue M, Weng H, Fang Z, Dai X, Chen G 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 031023
[40]	Xu X T, Jia S 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 117204 Google Scholar
[41]	Liang T, Lin J, Gibson Q, Kushwaha S, Liu M, Wang W, Xiong H, Sobota J A, Hashimoto M, Kirchmann P S, Shen Z X, Cava R J, Ong N P 2018 Nat. Phys. 14 451 Google Scholar
[42]	Burkov A A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 187202 Google Scholar
[43]	Stauber T, Gómez-Santos G, Brey L 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 205427 Google Scholar
[44]	Stauber T, Gómez-Santos G, Brey L 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2978 Google Scholar
[45]	Stauber T 2014 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26 123201 Google Scholar
[46]	Di Pietro P, Ortolani M, Limaj O, Di Gaspare A, Giliberti V, Giorgianni F, Brahlek M, Bansal N, Koirala N, Oh S, Calvani P, Lupi S 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 556 Google Scholar
[47]	Autore M, Engelkamp H, D’Apuzzo F, Gaspare A D, Pietro P D, Vecchio I L, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, Lupi S 2015 ACS Photonics 2 1231 Google Scholar
[48]	Autore M, D’Apuzzo F, Di Gaspare A, Giliberti V, Limaj O, Roy P, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, García de Abajo F J, Lupi S 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1257 Google Scholar
[49]	Ou J Y, So J K, Adamo G, Sulaev A, Wang L, Zheludev N I 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5139 Google Scholar
[50]	Ginley T P, Law S 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1800113 Google Scholar
[51]	Autore M, Giorgianni F, D’Apuzzo F, Di Gaspare A, Lo Vecchio I, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, Schade U, Ortolani M, Lupi S 2016 Nanoscale 8 4667 Google Scholar
[52]	Nascimento V B, de Carvalho V E, Paniago R, Soares E A, Ladeira L O, Pfannes H D 1999 J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 104 99 Google Scholar
[53]	Liou S C, Chu M W, Sankar R, Huang F T, Shu G J, Chou F C, Chen C H 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 085126 Google Scholar
[54]	Politano A, Silkin V M, Nechaev I A, Vitiello M S, Viti L, Aliev Z S, Babanly M B, Chiarello G, Echenique P M, Chulkov E V 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 216802 Google Scholar
[55]	Kogar A, Vig S, Thaler A, Wong M H, Xiao Y, Reig-i-Plessis D, Cho G Y, Valla T, Pan Z, Schneeloch J, Zhong R, Gu G D, Hughes T L, MacDougall G J, Chiang T C, Abbamonte P 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 257402 Google Scholar
[56]	Jia X, Zhang S, Sankar R, Chou F C, Wang W, Kempa K, Plummer E W, Zhang J, Zhu X, Guo J 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 136805 Google Scholar
[57]	Zhu X, Cao Y, Zhang S, Jia X, Guo Q, Yang F, Zhu L, Zhang J, Plummer E W, Guo J 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 083902 Google Scholar
[58]	Hofmann J, Das Sarma S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 241402 Google Scholar
[59]	Zhou J, Chang H R, Xiao D 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 035114 Google Scholar
[60]	Politano A, Chiarello G, Ghosh B, Sadhukhan K, Kuo C N, Lue C S, Pellegrini V, Agarwal A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 086804 Google Scholar
[61]	Chiarello G, Hofmann J, Li Z, Fabio V, Guo L, Chen X, Das Sarma S, Politano A 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 121401 Google Scholar
[62]	Ashish Chanana N L, Hugo O, Condori Quispe, Prashanth Gopalan, Joshua R, Winger S B, Ajay Nahata, Vikram Deshpande, Michael A Scarpulla, Berardi, Sensale-Rodriguez 2018 arXiv:1811.04306
[63]	Frenzel A J, Homes C C, Gibson Q D, Shao Y M, Post K W, Charnukha A, Cava R J, Basov D N 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 245140 Google Scholar
[64]	Basov D N, Fogler M M, García de Abajo F J 2016 Science 354 aag1992 Google Scholar
[65]	Soluyanov A A, Gresch D, Wang Z, Wu Q, Troyer M, Dai X, Bernevig B A 2015 Nature 527 495 Google Scholar
[66]	Deng K, Wan G, Deng P, Zhang K, Ding S, Wang E, Yan M, Huang H, Zhang H, Xu Z, Denlinger J, Fedorov A, Yang H, Duan W, Yao H, Wu Y, Fan S, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhou S 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 1105 Google Scholar
[67]	Haubold E, Koepernik K, Efremov D, Khim S, Fedorov A, Kushnirenko Y, van den Brink J, Wurmehl S, Büchner B, Kim T K, Hoesch M, Sumida K, Taguchi K, Yoshikawa T, Kimura A, Okuda T, Borisenko S V 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 241108 Google Scholar
[68]	Yankowitz M, Ma Q, Jarillo-Herrero P, LeRoy B J 2019 Nat. Rev. Phys. 1 112 Google Scholar
[69]	Wang L, Meric I, Huang P Y, Gao Q, Gao Y, Tran H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Campos L M, Muller D A, Guo J, Kim P, Hone J, Shepard K L, Dean C R 2013 Science 342 614 Google Scholar
[70]	Ni G X, McLeod A S, Sun Z, Wang L, Xiong L, Post K W, Sunku S S, Jiang B Y, Hone J, Dean C R, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530 Google Scholar
[71]	Yan Z, Huang P W, Wang Z 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 085138 Google Scholar
[72]	Long Z, Wang Y, Erukhimova M, Tokman M, Belyanin A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 037403 Google Scholar
[73]	Song J C W, Rudner M S 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 205443 Google Scholar
[74]	Hofmann J, Das Sarma S 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 241108 Google Scholar
[75]	Lai J, Liu X, Ma J, Wang Q, Zhang K, Ren X, Liu Y, Gu Q, Zhuo X, Lu W, Wu Y, Li Y, Feng J, Zhou S, Chen J H, Sun D 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 e1707152 Google Scholar
[76]	Ma J, Gu Q, Liu Y, Lai J, Yu P, Zhuo X, Liu Z, Chen J H, Feng J, Sun D 2019 Nat. Mater. 18 476 Google Scholar
[77]	Nemilentsau A, Low T, Hanson G 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 066804 Google Scholar
[78]	Zhou J, Liu F, Lin J, Huang X, Xia J, Zhang B, Zeng Q, Wang H, Zhu C, Niu L, Wang X, Fu W, Yu P, Chang T R, Hsu C H, Wu D, Jeng H T, Huang Y, Lin H, Shen Z, Yang C, Lu L, Suenaga K, Zhou W, Pantelides S T, Liu G, Liu Z 2016 Adv. Mater. 29 1603471
[79]	Zhou L, Zubair A, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ouyang F, Xu K, Fang W, Ueno K, Li J, Palacios T, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9526 Google Scholar
[80]	Li J, Cheng S, Liu Z, Zhang W, Chang H 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 7005 Google Scholar
[81]	Naylor C H, Parkin W M, Gao Z, Kang H, Noyan M, Wexler R B, Tan L Z, Kim Y, Kehayias C E, Streller F, Zhou Y R, Carpick R, Luo Z, Park Y W, Rappe A M, Drndić M, Kikkawa J M, Johnson A T C 2017 2D Mater. 4 021008
[82]	Chen K, Chen Z, Wan X, Zheng Z, Xie F, Chen W, Gui X, Chen H, Xie W, Xu J 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1700704 Google Scholar
[83]	Yang L, Zhang W, Li J, Cheng S, Xie Z, Chang H 2017 ACS Nano 11 1964 Google Scholar
[84]	Xu X, Chen S, Liu S, Cheng X, Xu W, Li P, Wan Y, Yang S, Gong W, Yuan K, Gao P, Ye Y, Dai L 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 2128 Google Scholar
[85]	Zhou L, Xu K, Zubair A, Liao A D, Fang W, Ouyang F, Lee Y H, Ueno K, Saito R, Palacios T, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 11892 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 石墨烯等离激元的电学调控^[7]　(a)器件示意图(上图)和石墨烯光栅结构AFM轮廓图(下图); (b)石墨烯光栅在不同门电压下的透射光谱图. 主图为入射光偏振垂直于光栅方向, 插图为偏振平行于光栅方向; (c)不同宽度光栅的等离激元频率随载流子浓度(费米面能量)的依赖关系

Fig. 1. Tunable plasmon resonance in gated plasmon ribbon array^[7]: (a) Schematic of the device (upper panel) and AFM image of a typical ribbon array (lower panel); (b) gate dependent plasmon resonance with light polarization perpendicular to the ribbon array. Inset shows the spectra with parallel light polarization; (c) normalized plasmon frequency as a function of Fermi energy and carrier density for different ribbon width.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同拓扑材料的能带示意图　(a)拓扑绝缘体(来自维基百科); (b)拓扑半金属(来自文献[37])

Fig. 2. Band structures for different types of topological materials: (a) Topological insulator [from Wikipedia]; (b) topological semimetals^[37].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 拓扑绝缘体薄膜上下表面狄拉克等离激元的混合模式^[43]　(a)拓扑绝缘体薄膜光学支和声学支等离激元振动示意图; (b) 6 nm厚拓扑绝缘体薄膜的两支(同相位和反相位)等离激元模式色散曲线

Fig. 3. Hybrid plasmon modes in topological insulator thin slabs^[43]: (a) Schematic of optical mode and acoustic mode; (b) plasmon dispersion in 6 nm topological insulator film.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 拓扑绝缘体等离激元的远红外和可见光远场光谱研究　(a)不同光栅宽度下拓扑绝缘体薄膜等离激元共振模式远红外吸收谱^[46]; (b)由(a)中实验得到的等离激元色散关系^[46]. 虚线和点线分别为考虑表面态电子和体载流子后计算的等离激元色散; (c)外加垂直于面的磁场后, 拓扑绝缘体薄膜光栅结构中磁性等离激元和回旋共振模式随磁场的变化关系^[47]; (d)圆环阵列结构下, 拓扑绝缘体薄膜等离激元色散关系^[48]; (e)可见到紫外波段拓扑绝缘体等离激元共振模式^[49]; (f)拓扑绝缘体薄膜光栅结构中等离激元共振模式随着薄膜厚度的依赖关系^[50]

Fig. 4. Far filed spectroscopic study of the plasmon modes in topological insulator films: (a) Extinction spectra of plasmon resonance modes in topological insulator ribbon arrays with different width; (b) plasmon dispersion extracted from Fig. (a). Fig. (a) and Fig. (b) from Ref. [46]; (c) magnetoplasmon mode and cyclotron resonance in topological insulator ribbon array as a function of external magnetic field^[47]; (d) plasmon dispersion in topological insulator microring array^[48]; (e) plasmon resonance modes of topological insulator ribbon array from visible to ultraviolet frequency range^[49]; (f) plasmon dispersion as a function of film thickness in topological insulator ribbon arrays^[50].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 拓扑绝缘体等离激元电子能量损失谱研究　(a)距离晶体边界不同位置处的能量损失谱(上图)和由上图黑线导出的介电常数(下图)^[53]; (b)高能量分辨EELS测量到的拓扑绝缘体等离激元色散模式^[54]; (c)高能量分辨EELS测量到的具有线性色散的声学支等离激元模式^[57]

Fig. 5. EELS study of plasmon modes in topological insulator: (a) EELS spectra at different spots from the edge (upper panel). Calculated permittivity from the black line (lower panel)^[53]; (b) plasmon dispersion derived from the EELS spectra with high energy resolution^[54]; (c) unusual acoustic plasmon modes with linear dispersion measured with high energy resolution EELS^[57].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 拓扑半金属等离激元研究 (a)利用EELS测量PtTe₂中体等离激元色散模式^[60]; (b)超高分辨EELS下测到的NbAs和TaAs表面等离激元模式^[61]; (c)太赫兹波段Cd₂As₃薄膜的光栅结构中等离激元的远场透射谱^[62]; (d)和(e)由WTe₂体材料单晶的反射谱得到的各向异性体等离激元频率(d)和有效质量比(e)随温度的变化^[63]

Fig. 6. Experiments of plasmons in topological semimetals: (a) Bulk plasmon dispersion in PtTe₂ measured by EELS^[60]; (b) energy loss spectra of plasmon modes in NbAs and TaAs measured by EELS^[61]; (c) transmission spectra of plasmon modes of Cd₂As₃ in THz range^[62]. (d) and (e) temperature dependence of the anisotropic bulk plasmon and effective mass ratio in WTe₂^[63].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 大面积高质量拓扑材料薄膜CVD生长　(a)—(c) CVD方法生长大面积WTe₂和MoTe₂单晶薄膜^[78]; (d), (e)利用Te化金属薄膜的方法生长大面积多晶MoTe₂薄膜^[79]

Fig. 7. Synthesis of topological material films with large area and high quality by CVD method: (a) to (c) CVD growth of large area single crystal films of WTe₂ and MoTe₂^[78]; (d) and (e) large area MoTe₂ film grown from Mo^[79].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Brongersma M L, Shalaev V M 2010 Science 328 440 Google Scholar
[2]	West P R, Ishii S, Naik G V, Emani N K, Shalaev V M, Boltasseva A 2010 Laser Photonics Rev. 4 795 Google Scholar
[3]	Huang S, Song C, Zhang G, Yan H 2016 Nanophotonics 6 1191
[4]	Low T, Avouris P 2014 ACS Nano 8 1086 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen J, Badioli M, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Thongrattanasiri S, Huth F, Osmond J, Spasenovic M, Centeno A, Pesquera A, Godignon P, Elorza A Z, Camara N, Garcia de Abajo F J, Hillenbrand R, Koppens F H 2012 Nature 487 77 Google Scholar
[6]	Fei Z, Rodin A S, Andreev G O, Bao W, McLeod A S, Wagner M, Zhang L M, Zhao Z, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Fogler M M, Castro Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82 Google Scholar
[7]	Ju L, Geng B, Horng J, Girit C, Martin M, Hao Z, Bechtel H A, Liang X, Zettl A, Shen Y R, Wang F 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 630 Google Scholar
[8]	Jia W, Ren P W, Tian Y C, Fan C Z 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 026102 Google Scholar
[9]	Ding G W, Liu S B, Zhang H F, Kong X K, Li H M, Li B X, Liu S Y, Li H 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 118103 Google Scholar
[10]	Das Sarma S, Hwang E H 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 206412 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang H, Liu C X, Qi X L, Dai X, Fang Z, Zhang S C 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 438 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang Z H, Gao X P A, Zhang Z D 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 107901 Google Scholar
[13]	Liu Z K, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Wang Z J, Weng H M, Prabhakaran D, Mo S K, Shen Z X, Fang Z, Dai X, Hussain Z, Chen Y L 2014 Science 343 864 Google Scholar
[14]	Borisenko S, Gibson Q, Evtushinsky D, Zabolotnyy V, Büchner B, Cava R J 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 027603 Google Scholar
[15]	Neupane M, Xu S Y, Sankar R, Alidoust N, Bian G, Liu C, Belopolski I, Chang T R, Jeng H T, Lin H, Bansil A, Chou F, Hasan M Z 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3786 Google Scholar
[16]	Liu Z K, Jiang J, Zhou B, Wang Z J, Zhang Y, Weng H M, Prabhakaran D, Mo S K, Peng H, Dudin P, Kim T, Hoesch M, Fang Z, Dai X, Shen Z X, Feng D L, Hussain Z, Chen Y L 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 677 Google Scholar
[17]	Li Q, Kharzeev D E, Zhang C, Huang Y, Pletikosić I, Fedorov A V, Zhong R D, Schneeloch J A, Gu G D, Valla T 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 550 Google Scholar
[18]	Wang Z, Sun Y, Chen X Q, Franchini C, Xu G, Weng H, Dai X, Fang Z 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 195320 Google Scholar
[19]	Burkov A A, Balents L 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 127205 Google Scholar
[20]	Halász G B, Balents L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 035103 Google Scholar
[21]	Huang S M, Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Lee C C, Chang G, Wang B, Alidoust N, Bian G, Neupane M, Zhang C, Jia S, Bansil A, Lin H, Hasan M Z 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7373 Google Scholar
[22]	Weng H, Fang C, Fang Z, Bernevig B A, Dai X 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 011029
[23]	Souma S, Wang Z, Kotaka H, Sato T, Nakayama K, Tanaka Y, Kimizuka H, Takahashi T, Yamauchi K, Oguchi T, Segawa K, Ando Y 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 161112 Google Scholar
[24]	Lv B Q, Weng H M, Fu B B, Wang X P, Miao H, Ma J, Richard P, Huang X C, Zhao L X, Chen G F, Fang Z, Dai X, Qian T, Ding H 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 031013
[25]	Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Alidoust N, Neupane M, Bian G, Zhang C, Sankar R, Chang G, Yuan Z, Lee C C, Huang S M, Zheng H, Ma J, Sanchez D S, Wang B, Bansil A, Chou F, Shibayev P P, Lin H, Jia S, Hasan M Z 2015 Science 349 613 Google Scholar
[26]	Xu S Y, Alidoust N, Belopolski I, Yuan Z, Bian G, Chang T-R, Zheng H, Strocov V N, Sanchez D S, Chang G, Zhang C, Mou D, Wu Y, Huang L, Lee C C, Huang S M, Wang B, Bansil A, Jeng H T, Neupert T, Kaminski A, Lin H, Jia S, Zahid Hasan M 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 748 Google Scholar
[27]	Xu S Y, Belopolski I, Sanchez D S, Zhang C, Chang G, Guo C, Bian G, Yuan Z, Lu H, Chang T R, Shibayev P P, Prokopovych M L, Alidoust N, Zheng H, Lee C C, Huang S M, Sankar R, Chou F, Hsu C H, Jeng H T, Bansil A, Neupert T, Strocov V N, Lin H, Jia S, Hasan M Z 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1501092 Google Scholar
[28]	Burkov A A, Hook M D, Balents L 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 235126 Google Scholar
[29]	Fang C, Weng H, Dai X, Fang Z 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 117106 Google Scholar
[30]	Wu Y, Wang L L, Mun E, Johnson D D, Mou D, Huang L, Lee Y, Bud’ko S L, Canfield P C, Kaminski A 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 667 Google Scholar
[31]	Schoop L M, Ali M N, Strasser C, Topp A, Varykhalov A, Marchenko D, Duppel V, Parkin S S, Lotsch B V, Ast C R 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11696 Google Scholar
[32]	Neupane M, Belopolski I, Hosen M M, Sanchez D S, Sankar R, Szlawska M, Xu S Y, Dimitri K, Dhakal N, Maldonado P, Oppeneer P M, Kaczorowski D, Chou F, Hasan M Z, Durakiewicz T 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 201104 Google Scholar
[33]	Hu J, Tang Z, Liu J, Liu X, Zhu Y, Graf D, Myhro K, Tran S, Lau C N, Wei J, Mao Z 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 016602 Google Scholar
[34]	Bian G, Chang T R, Sankar R, Xu S Y, Zheng H, Neupert T, Chiu C K, Huang S M, Chang G, Belopolski I, Sanchez D S, Neupane M, Alidoust N, Liu C, Wang B, Lee C C, Jeng H T, Zhang C, Yuan Z, Jia S, Bansil A, Chou F, Lin H, Hasan M Z 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 10556 Google Scholar
[35]	Feng B, Fu B, Kasamatsu S, Ito S, Cheng P, Liu C C, Feng Y, Wu S, Mahatha S K, Sheverdyaeva P, Moras P, Arita M, Sugino O, Chiang T C, Shimada K, Miyamoto K, Okuda T, Wu K, Chen L, Yao Y, Matsuda I 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1007 Google Scholar
[36]	Song H D, Sheng D, Wang A Q, Li J G, Yu D P, Liao Z M 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 037301 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang H, Wang J 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 107402 Google Scholar
[38]	Ali M N, Xiong J, Flynn S, Tao J, Gibson Q D, Schoop L M, Liang T, Haldolaarachchige N, Hirschberger M, Ong N P, Cava R J 2014 Nature 514 205 Google Scholar
[39]	Huang X, Zhao L, Long Y, Wang P, Chen D, Yang Z, Liang H, Xue M, Weng H, Fang Z, Dai X, Chen G 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 031023
[40]	Xu X T, Jia S 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 117204 Google Scholar
[41]	Liang T, Lin J, Gibson Q, Kushwaha S, Liu M, Wang W, Xiong H, Sobota J A, Hashimoto M, Kirchmann P S, Shen Z X, Cava R J, Ong N P 2018 Nat. Phys. 14 451 Google Scholar
[42]	Burkov A A 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 187202 Google Scholar
[43]	Stauber T, Gómez-Santos G, Brey L 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 205427 Google Scholar
[44]	Stauber T, Gómez-Santos G, Brey L 2017 ACS Photonics 4 2978 Google Scholar
[45]	Stauber T 2014 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26 123201 Google Scholar
[46]	Di Pietro P, Ortolani M, Limaj O, Di Gaspare A, Giliberti V, Giorgianni F, Brahlek M, Bansal N, Koirala N, Oh S, Calvani P, Lupi S 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 556 Google Scholar
[47]	Autore M, Engelkamp H, D’Apuzzo F, Gaspare A D, Pietro P D, Vecchio I L, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, Lupi S 2015 ACS Photonics 2 1231 Google Scholar
[48]	Autore M, D’Apuzzo F, Di Gaspare A, Giliberti V, Limaj O, Roy P, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, García de Abajo F J, Lupi S 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1257 Google Scholar
[49]	Ou J Y, So J K, Adamo G, Sulaev A, Wang L, Zheludev N I 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5139 Google Scholar
[50]	Ginley T P, Law S 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1800113 Google Scholar
[51]	Autore M, Giorgianni F, D’Apuzzo F, Di Gaspare A, Lo Vecchio I, Brahlek M, Koirala N, Oh S, Schade U, Ortolani M, Lupi S 2016 Nanoscale 8 4667 Google Scholar
[52]	Nascimento V B, de Carvalho V E, Paniago R, Soares E A, Ladeira L O, Pfannes H D 1999 J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 104 99 Google Scholar
[53]	Liou S C, Chu M W, Sankar R, Huang F T, Shu G J, Chou F C, Chen C H 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 085126 Google Scholar
[54]	Politano A, Silkin V M, Nechaev I A, Vitiello M S, Viti L, Aliev Z S, Babanly M B, Chiarello G, Echenique P M, Chulkov E V 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 216802 Google Scholar
[55]	Kogar A, Vig S, Thaler A, Wong M H, Xiao Y, Reig-i-Plessis D, Cho G Y, Valla T, Pan Z, Schneeloch J, Zhong R, Gu G D, Hughes T L, MacDougall G J, Chiang T C, Abbamonte P 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 257402 Google Scholar
[56]	Jia X, Zhang S, Sankar R, Chou F C, Wang W, Kempa K, Plummer E W, Zhang J, Zhu X, Guo J 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 136805 Google Scholar
[57]	Zhu X, Cao Y, Zhang S, Jia X, Guo Q, Yang F, Zhu L, Zhang J, Plummer E W, Guo J 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 083902 Google Scholar
[58]	Hofmann J, Das Sarma S 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 241402 Google Scholar
[59]	Zhou J, Chang H R, Xiao D 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 035114 Google Scholar
[60]	Politano A, Chiarello G, Ghosh B, Sadhukhan K, Kuo C N, Lue C S, Pellegrini V, Agarwal A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 086804 Google Scholar
[61]	Chiarello G, Hofmann J, Li Z, Fabio V, Guo L, Chen X, Das Sarma S, Politano A 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 121401 Google Scholar
[62]	Ashish Chanana N L, Hugo O, Condori Quispe, Prashanth Gopalan, Joshua R, Winger S B, Ajay Nahata, Vikram Deshpande, Michael A Scarpulla, Berardi, Sensale-Rodriguez 2018 arXiv:1811.04306
[63]	Frenzel A J, Homes C C, Gibson Q D, Shao Y M, Post K W, Charnukha A, Cava R J, Basov D N 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 245140 Google Scholar
[64]	Basov D N, Fogler M M, García de Abajo F J 2016 Science 354 aag1992 Google Scholar
[65]	Soluyanov A A, Gresch D, Wang Z, Wu Q, Troyer M, Dai X, Bernevig B A 2015 Nature 527 495 Google Scholar
[66]	Deng K, Wan G, Deng P, Zhang K, Ding S, Wang E, Yan M, Huang H, Zhang H, Xu Z, Denlinger J, Fedorov A, Yang H, Duan W, Yao H, Wu Y, Fan S, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhou S 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 1105 Google Scholar
[67]	Haubold E, Koepernik K, Efremov D, Khim S, Fedorov A, Kushnirenko Y, van den Brink J, Wurmehl S, Büchner B, Kim T K, Hoesch M, Sumida K, Taguchi K, Yoshikawa T, Kimura A, Okuda T, Borisenko S V 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 241108 Google Scholar
[68]	Yankowitz M, Ma Q, Jarillo-Herrero P, LeRoy B J 2019 Nat. Rev. Phys. 1 112 Google Scholar
[69]	Wang L, Meric I, Huang P Y, Gao Q, Gao Y, Tran H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Campos L M, Muller D A, Guo J, Kim P, Hone J, Shepard K L, Dean C R 2013 Science 342 614 Google Scholar
[70]	Ni G X, McLeod A S, Sun Z, Wang L, Xiong L, Post K W, Sunku S S, Jiang B Y, Hone J, Dean C R, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2018 Nature 557 530 Google Scholar
[71]	Yan Z, Huang P W, Wang Z 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 085138 Google Scholar
[72]	Long Z, Wang Y, Erukhimova M, Tokman M, Belyanin A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 037403 Google Scholar
[73]	Song J C W, Rudner M S 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 205443 Google Scholar
[74]	Hofmann J, Das Sarma S 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 241108 Google Scholar
[75]	Lai J, Liu X, Ma J, Wang Q, Zhang K, Ren X, Liu Y, Gu Q, Zhuo X, Lu W, Wu Y, Li Y, Feng J, Zhou S, Chen J H, Sun D 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 e1707152 Google Scholar
[76]	Ma J, Gu Q, Liu Y, Lai J, Yu P, Zhuo X, Liu Z, Chen J H, Feng J, Sun D 2019 Nat. Mater. 18 476 Google Scholar
[77]	Nemilentsau A, Low T, Hanson G 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 066804 Google Scholar
[78]	Zhou J, Liu F, Lin J, Huang X, Xia J, Zhang B, Zeng Q, Wang H, Zhu C, Niu L, Wang X, Fu W, Yu P, Chang T R, Hsu C H, Wu D, Jeng H T, Huang Y, Lin H, Shen Z, Yang C, Lu L, Suenaga K, Zhou W, Pantelides S T, Liu G, Liu Z 2016 Adv. Mater. 29 1603471
[79]	Zhou L, Zubair A, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ouyang F, Xu K, Fang W, Ueno K, Li J, Palacios T, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9526 Google Scholar
[80]	Li J, Cheng S, Liu Z, Zhang W, Chang H 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 7005 Google Scholar
[81]	Naylor C H, Parkin W M, Gao Z, Kang H, Noyan M, Wexler R B, Tan L Z, Kim Y, Kehayias C E, Streller F, Zhou Y R, Carpick R, Luo Z, Park Y W, Rappe A M, Drndić M, Kikkawa J M, Johnson A T C 2017 2D Mater. 4 021008
[82]	Chen K, Chen Z, Wan X, Zheng Z, Xie F, Chen W, Gui X, Chen H, Xie W, Xu J 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1700704 Google Scholar
[83]	Yang L, Zhang W, Li J, Cheng S, Xie Z, Chang H 2017 ACS Nano 11 1964 Google Scholar
[84]	Xu X, Chen S, Liu S, Cheng X, Xu W, Li P, Wan Y, Yang S, Gong W, Yuan K, Gao P, Ye Y, Dai L 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 2128 Google Scholar
[85]	Zhou L, Xu K, Zubair A, Liao A D, Fang W, Ouyang F, Lee Y H, Ueno K, Saito R, Palacios T, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 11892 Google Scholar

[1]	朱庞栋, 王长昊, 王如志. 节线半金属AlB₂水环境下发生吸附后拓扑表面态变化. 物理学报, 2024, 73(12): 127101. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240404
[2]	刘畅, 王亚愚. 磁性拓扑绝缘体中的量子输运现象. 物理学报, 2023, 72(17): 177301. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230690
[3]	初纯光, 王安琦, 廖志敏. 拓扑半金属-超导体异质结的约瑟夫森效应. 物理学报, 2023, 72(8): 087401. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230397
[4]	许佳玲, 贾利云, 刘超, 吴佺, 赵领军, 马丽, 侯登录. Li(Na)AuS体系拓扑绝缘体材料的能带结构. 物理学报, 2021, 70(2): 027101. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20200885
[5]	孙慧敏, 何庆林. 层状磁性拓扑材料中的物理问题与实验进展. 物理学报, 2021, 70(12): 127302. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210133
[6]	王航天, 赵海慧, 温良恭, 吴晓君, 聂天晓, 赵巍胜. 高性能太赫兹发射: 从拓扑绝缘体到拓扑自旋电子. 物理学报, 2020, 69(20): 200704. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200680
[7]	姜聪颖, 孙飞, 冯子力, 刘世炳, 石友国, 赵继民. 三重简并拓扑半金属磷化钼的时间分辨超快动力学. 物理学报, 2020, 69(7): 077801. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191816
[8]	顾开元, 罗天创, 葛军, 王健. 拓扑材料中的超导. 物理学报, 2020, 69(2): 020301. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191627
[9]	向天, 程亮, 齐静波. 拓扑绝缘体中的超快电荷自旋动力学. 物理学报, 2019, 68(22): 227202. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191433
[10]	贾鼎, 葛勇, 袁寿其, 孙宏祥. 基于蜂窝晶格声子晶体的双频带声拓扑绝缘体. 物理学报, 2019, 68(22): 224301. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190951
[11]	韦博元, 步海军, 张帅, 宋凤麒. 拓扑半金属ZrSiSe器件中面内霍尔效应的观测. 物理学报, 2019, 68(22): 227203. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191501
[12]	刘畅, 刘祥瑞. 强三维拓扑绝缘体与磁性拓扑绝缘体的角分辨光电子能谱学研究进展. 物理学报, 2019, 68(22): 227901. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191450
[13]	邓韬, 杨海峰, 张敬, 李一苇, 杨乐仙, 柳仲楷, 陈宇林. 拓扑半金属材料角分辨光电子能谱研究进展. 物理学报, 2019, 68(22): 227102. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191544
[14]	高艺璇, 张礼智, 张余洋, 杜世萱. 二维有机拓扑绝缘体的研究进展. 物理学报, 2018, 67(23): 238101. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181711
[15]	伊长江, 王乐, 冯子力, 杨萌, 闫大禹, 王翠香, 石友国. 拓扑半金属材料的单晶生长研究进展. 物理学报, 2018, 67(12): 128102. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180796
[16]	李兆国, 张帅, 宋凤麒. 拓扑绝缘体的普适电导涨落. 物理学报, 2015, 64(9): 097202. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.097202
[17]	王青, 盛利. 磁场中的拓扑绝缘体边缘态性质. 物理学报, 2015, 64(9): 097302. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.097302
[18]	李平原, 陈永亮, 周大进, 陈鹏, 张勇, 邓水全, 崔雅静, 赵勇. 拓扑绝缘体Bi2Te3的热膨胀系数研究. 物理学报, 2014, 63(11): 117301. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.117301
[19]	张小明, 刘国栋, 杜音, 刘恩克, 王文洪, 吴光恒, 柳忠元. 半Heusler型拓扑绝缘体LaPtBi能带调控的研究. 物理学报, 2012, 61(12): 123101. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.123101
[20]	曾伦武, 张浩, 唐中良, 宋润霞. 拓扑绝缘体椭球粒子的电磁散射. 物理学报, 2012, 61(17): 177303. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.177303

计量

文章访问数: 12695
PDF下载量: 482
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板

拓扑材料等离激元谱学研究