-
Low-frequency electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of long propagation distance, strong resistance to electromagnetic pulse interference, and slow attenuation in seawater and other media. However, conventional low-frequency transmitting antennas have problems such as bulkiness, high power consumption, and low efficiency, which are not conducive to the performance of low-frequency electromagnetic waves. The mechanical antenna is a new type of low-frequency transmitting antenna that generates time-varying electromagnetic field radiation through the mechanical movement of electric charges or magnetic dipoles. The new radiation principle enables mechanical antennas to break the constraints on the physical size of electromagnetic waves in the traditional antenna field, thereby achieving low-frequency communication with a smaller size and higher efficiency, providing a subversive solution to scenarios such as submarine communication and through-the-earth communication. In recent years, mechanical antennas have attracted much attention and become a hot research topic in the field of low-frequency communication. In this paper, we briefly review the development history, development direction, and existing problems of traditional large-scale land-based low-frequency transmit antennas and persistent mobile low-frequency transmit antennas; we mention the details of the working principles and recent research progress of different mechanical antenna implementations including electret, permanent magnet and piezoelectric mechanical antennas; we compare and analyze the radiation performance, innovations, advantages and disadvantages of each specific implementation scheme; and we also discuss the characteristics of the existing frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, polarization modulation and other signal modulation methods of mechanical antennas and the application schemes of several signal modulation methods of different types of mechanical antennas; finally, we prospect the research direction of mechanical antennas in the next stage. At present, the feasibility of the mechanical antenna scheme has been verified theoretically and experimentally, but it is limited by the antenna volume, power consumption, driving device and other factors, and the radiation intensity of the mechanical antenna is limited. We believe that the research in the field of mechanical antennas in the next stage will focus on the design of antennas for achieving longer communication distances at the sacrifice of certain small and light weight indicators, and innovative signal loading and modulation methods to improve communication rates will also be worth paying attention to in the field of mechanical antennas.
-
Keywords:
- mechanical antenna /
- low frequency communication /
- magnetic field radiation /
- electret /
- permanent magnets /
- piezoelectric effect
[1] 罗卓颖, 刘翠海, 黄玉成, 王崇 2009 舰船电子工程 29 148Google Scholar
Luo Z Y, Liu C H, Huang Y C, Wang C 2009 Ship Electron. Eng. 29 148Google Scholar
[2] 丁宏 2017 现代军事 4 71
Ding H 2017 Conmilit 4 71
[3] 王毅凡, 周密, 宋志慧 2014 通信技术 47 589Google Scholar
Wang Y F, Zhou M, Song Z H 2014 Commun. Technol. 47 589Google Scholar
[4] 史伟, 野学范, 胡冬梅 2011 数字技术与应用 7 12Google Scholar
Shi W, Ye X F, Hu D M 2011 Digital Technol. Appl. 7 12Google Scholar
[5] 左卫, 阚荣才, 任席闯 2014 舰船电子工程 34 151Google Scholar
Zuo W, Kan R C, Ren X C 2014 Ship Electron. Eng. 34 151Google Scholar
[6] 陆建勋 2013 极低频与超低频无线电技术 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社) 第22页
Lu J X 2013 Extreme Low Frequency and Super Low Frequency Radio Technology (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University press) p22 (in Chinese)
[7] 夏明耀, 陈志雨 1995 电子科学学刊 2 125
Xia M Y, Chen Z Y 1995 J. Electron. 2 125
[8] 李斐 2014 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Li F 2014 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[9] 周晨, 王翔, 刘默然, 倪彬彬, 赵正予 2018 地球物理学报 61 4323Google Scholar
Zhou C, Wang X, Liu M R, Ni B B, Zhao Z Y 2018 Chin. J. Geophys. 61 4323Google Scholar
[10] Cohen M B, Moore R C, Golkowski M, Lehtinen N G 2012 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 117 A12Google Scholar
[11] Kuo S, Snyder A, Kossey P, Chang C L, Labenski J 2012 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 117 A3Google Scholar
[12] 常珊珊, 倪彬彬, 赵正予, 汪枫, 李金星, 赵晶晶, 顾旭东, 周晨 2014 物理学报 63 069401Google Scholar
Chang S S, Ni B B, Zhao Z Y, Wang F, Li J X, Zhao J J, Gu X D, Zhou C 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 069401Google Scholar
[13] 郝书吉, 李清亮, 杨巨涛, 吴振森 2013 物理学报 62 229402Google Scholar
Hao S J, Li Q L, Yang J T, Wu Z S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 229402Google Scholar
[14] 徐彤, 徐彬, 吴健, 胡艳莉, 许正文 2014 极地研究 26 316Google Scholar
Xu T, Xu B, Wu J, Hu Y, Xu Z 2014 Chin. J. Polar Res. 26 316Google Scholar
[15] 杨巨涛, 李清亮, 王建国, 郝书吉, 潘威炎 2017 物理学报 66 019401Google Scholar
Yang J T, Li Q L, Wang J G, Hao S J, Pan W Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 019401Google Scholar
[16] Cohen M B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Stanford: Stanford University)
[17] 刘翠海, 王文清 2011 电讯技术 51 187Google Scholar
Liu C H, Wang W Q 2011 Telecommun. Eng. 51 187Google Scholar
[18] Koons H, Dazey M 1983 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 31 243Google Scholar
[19] 董见, 罗建新 2015 舰船电子工程 35 159Google Scholar
Dong J, Luo J X 2015 Ship Electron. Eng. 35 159Google Scholar
[20] 魏亮, 柳超 2007 现代电子技术 1 14Google Scholar
Wei L, LIu C 2007 Mod. Electron. Tech. 1 14Google Scholar
[21] 吴笛 2009 舰船电子工程 29 68Google Scholar
Wu D 2009 Ship Electron. Eng. 29 68Google Scholar
[22] 贾琦 2014 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院))
Jia Q 2014 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[23] 郑小洪, 侯志强, 李冀鑫 2011 海军航空工程学院学报 26 628Google Scholar
Zheng X H, Hou Z Q, Li J X 2011 J. Naval Aeronaut. Astronaut. Univ. 26 628Google Scholar
[24] 樊文生, 张世田, 韩逍菲 2015 电波科学学报 30 114Google Scholar
Fan W S, Zhang S T, Han X F 2015 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 30 114Google Scholar
[25] Li K 1997 Proceedings of 1997 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Hong Kong, Dec. 2–5, 1997 p1233 DOI: 10.1109/APMC. 1997.656537
[26] 李凯 1998 全球定位系统 1 59
Li K 1998 GNSS World Chin. 1 59
[27] McLean J S 1996 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 44 672Google Scholar
[28] Thiele G A, Detweiler P L, Penno R P 2003 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 51 1263Google Scholar
[29] 夏钟福, 陈钢进, 肖慧明 2006 物理学报 55 2464Google Scholar
Xia Z F, Chen G J, Xiao H M 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2464Google Scholar
[30] Wedel A, Danz R, 夏钟福, 邱勋林, 张冶文 2002 物理学报 51 389Google Scholar
Wedel A, Danz R, Xia Z F, Qiu X L, Zhang Y W 2002 Acta Phys. Sin. 51 389Google Scholar
[31] Erhard D P, Lovera D, von Salis-Soglio C, Giesa R, Altstadt V, Schmidt H W (Muller A H E, Schmidt H W Ed.) 2010 Complex Macromolecular Systems Ii (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin) pp155–207
[32] Bickford J A 2019 US Patent US10177452 B2 [2019-01-08]
[33] Bickford J A, Duwel A E, Weinberg M S, McNabb R S, Freeman D K, Ward P A 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 2209Google Scholar
[34] Bickford J A, McNabb R S, Ward P A, et al. 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA July 9–14, 2017 p1475
[35] Cui Y, Wang C, Wei M 2019 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting Atlanta, GA, USA, July 7–12, 2019 p1383
[36] 崔勇, 王琛, 宋晓, 梁博文 2019 自动化学报 45 1Google Scholar
Cui Y, Wang C, Song X, Liang B W 2019 Acta Automatica Sin. 45 1Google Scholar
[37] 崔勇, 王琛, 宋晓, 袁海文, 刘颖异 2020 中国专利 CN109004948B [2020-07-28
Cui Y, Wang C, Song X, Yuan H W, Liu Y Y 2020 CN Patent CN109004948B [2020-07-28] (in Chinese)
[38] Liang B W, Cui Y, Song X, Li L Y, Wang C 2019 Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput. 10 1950036Google Scholar
[39] Burch H C, Garraud A, Mitchell M F, Moore R C, Arnold D P 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 6265Google Scholar
[40] Cao J, Liu Y, Gong S H 2019 2019 International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI) Nanjing, China, Nov. 8–10, 2019 p140
[41] Gong S H, Liu Y, Liu Y 2018 Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 72 125Google Scholar
[42] Madanayake A, Choi S, Tarek M, Dharmasena S, Mandal S, Glickstein J, Sehirlioglu A 2017 2017 3rd International Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, May 29−31, 2017 p230
[43] 丁春全, 宋海洋 2019 舰船电子工程 39 166Google Scholar
Ding C Q, Song H Y 2019 Ship Electron. Eng. 39 166Google Scholar
[44] Manteghi M 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA, July 9–14, 2017 p1997
[45] 施伟, 周强, 刘斌 2019 物理学报 68 188401Google Scholar
Shi W, Zhou Q, Liu B 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 188401Google Scholar
[46] 周强, 姚富强, 施伟, 郝振洋, 郑欢, 刘斌, 何攀峰 2020 中国科学:技术科学 50 69Google Scholar
Zhou Q, Yuan F Q, Shi W, Hao Z Y, Zheng H, Liu B, He P F 2020 Sci. Sin. Technologica 50 69Google Scholar
[47] Golkowski M, Park J, Bittle J, Babaiahgari B, Rorrer R A L, Celinski Z 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p65
[48] Fawole O C, Tabib-Azar M 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 6927Google Scholar
[49] Barani N, Sarabandi K 2019 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting Atlanta, GA, USA, July 7–12, 2019 p2169
[50] Barani N, Sarabandi K 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p95
[51] Prasad M N S, Tok R U, Fereidoony F, Wang Y E, Zhu R, Propst A, Bland S 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 13220Google Scholar
[52] Mysore Nagaraja S P, Tok R U, Zhu R, Bland S, Propst A, Wang Y E 2019 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1407 012049Google Scholar
[53] Prasad M N S, Huang Y, Wang Y E 2017 IEEE 2017 XXXⅡnd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science Montreal, QC, Canada, Aug. 19–26, 2017 p1
[54] Prasad M N S, Selvin S, Tok R U, Huang Y K, Wang Y X 2018 2018 IEEE Radio & Wireless Symposium Anaheim, CA, USA, Jan. 15–18, 2018 p171
[55] Prasad M N S, Tok R U, Wang Y E 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p71
[56] Selvin S, Prasad M N S, Huang Y K, Wang E 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA, July 9–14, 2017 p1477
[57] Kemp M A, Franzi M, Haase A, Jongewaard E, Whittaker M T, Kirkpatrick M, Sparr R 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1715Google Scholar
[58] Hassanien A E, Breen M, Li M H, Gong S 2019 arXiv: 1906.07797[physics.app-ph]
[59] Dong C Z, He Y F, Li M H, Tu C, Chu Z Q, Liang X F, Chen H H, Wei Y Y, Zaeimbashi M, Wang X J, Lin H, Gao Y, Sun N X 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 398Google Scholar
[60] Xu J, Leung C M, Zhuang X, Li J, Bhardwaj S, Volakis J, Viehland D 2019 Sensors 19 853Google Scholar
[61] Zheng H, Zhao J B, Xiang B, Xiong Q P, Deng F S 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p751
[62] Glickstein J S, Liang J, Choi S, Madanayake A, Mandal S 2020 IEEE Access 8 2455Google Scholar
[63] Strachen N, Booske J, Behdad N 2018 PLoS One 13 e0199934Google Scholar
[64] Strachen N D, Booske J H, Behdad N 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p67
[65] 张多佳 2019 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安理工大学)
Zhang D J 2019 B. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[66] 胡伯平 2014 磁性材料及器件 45 66Google Scholar
Hu B P 2014 J. Magn. Mater. Devics 45 66Google Scholar
[67] 胡文艳 2012 现代电子技术 35 151Google Scholar
Hu W Y 2012 Mod. Electron. Tech. 35 151Google Scholar
[68] Brown D, Ma B M, Chen Z M 2002 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 248 432Google Scholar
[69] Sugimoto S 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 11Google Scholar
[70] Bai G, Gao R W, Sun Y, Han G B, Wang B 2007 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 308 20Google Scholar
[71] Cao S, Yue M, Yang Y X, Zhang D, Liu W, Zhang J, Guo Z, Li W 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 07A740Google Scholar
[72] Ma B M, Liu W L, Liang Y L, Scott D, Bounds C O 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 75 6628Google Scholar
[73] 陈钢进, 饶成平, 肖慧明, 黄华, 赵延海 2015 物理学报 64 237702Google Scholar
Chen G J, Rao C P, Xiao H M, Huang H, Zhao Y H 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 237702Google Scholar
[74] 肖慧明, 温中泉, 张锦文, 陈钢进 2007 功能材料 38 1297Google Scholar
Xiao H M, Wen Z Q, Zhang J W, Chen G J 2007 J. Funct. Mater. 38 1297Google Scholar
[75] 赵满 2013 电子信息对抗技术 28 69Google Scholar
Zhao M 2013 Elec. Inf. Warfare Technol. 28 69Google Scholar
[76] 朱松 2007 中国电子科学研究院学报 2 562
Zhu S 2007 J. Chin. Acad. Electron Inf. Technol. 2 562
-
图 1 大规模陆基低频对潜通信系统 (a) 位于Nizhny Novgorod的“歌利亚”对潜通信天线阵列; (b) 位于美国Upper Peninsula的美国海军对潜低频通信基地; (c) ZEVS低频对潜通信系统天线分布
Fig. 1. Large-scale land-based low-frequency submarine communication system: (a) Antenna array of "Golia" pair submarine communication in Nizhny Novgorod; (b) U.S. Navy's low-frequency submarine communication base on the Upper Peninsula of the United States; (c) ZEVS antenna distribution of low frequency submarine communication system.
图 6 典型永磁体式机械天线 (a)佛罗里达大学方案[39]; (b)西安电子科技大学方案[40]; (c)科罗拉多大学丹佛分校方案[47]; (d)犹他大学方案[48]; (e)密歇根大学方案[49]; (f)加州大学洛杉矶分校方案[51]
Fig. 6. Typical permanent magnet type mechanical antenna: (a) University of Florida[39]; (b) Xidian University[40]; (c) University of Colorado Denver[47]; (d) University of Utah[48]; (e) University of Michigan[49]; (f) University of California, Los Angeles[51].
图 8 磁电式机械天线结构模型[59] (a)磁电天线结构; (b)磁电天线俯视图; (c)磁电天线侧视图; (d)发射天线与接收天线
Fig. 8. Structural model of piezoelectric mechanical antenna[59]: (a) Schematic of the ME antenna; (b) top view of a fabricated ME antenna prototype; (c) side view of the schematic and fabricated ME antenna; (d) one pair of ME transmitter and receiver packed in plastic boxes.
表 1 各团队机械天线性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of mechanical antennas of various teams.
天线方案 团队名称 材料 尺寸/cm 频率范围 磁场强度 参考
文献驻极体式机械天线 北京航空航天大学美国
加州大学伯克利分校FEP 5.0 0—200 Hz [35] 永磁体式
机械天线单永磁体 美国佛罗里达大学 N42钕铁硼 1.6 100—500 Hz 800 fT (100 m) [39] 美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校 N42钕铁硼 1.9 30 Hz 10 μT (0.3 m) [64] 美国科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 钕铁硼 钢 0—1.6 kHz 50 pT (5 m) [47] 美国犹他大学 钕铁硼 135.0 47 μT (50 m) [48] 西安电子科技大学 钕铁硼 15.0 30 Hz 1 nT (0.6 m) [40] 永磁体
阵列美国加州大学洛杉矶分校 N55钕铁硼 13.0 1031 Hz [51] 压电谐振式
机械天线压电式 美国斯坦福大学SLAC实验室 LiNbO3 9.4 35.5 kHz [57] 美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校 PZT 8.0 33.2 kHz 40 fT (6 m) [58] 磁电式 美国弗吉尼亚理工大学 PZT Metglas 10.0 30 kHz 1 nT (0.9 m) [60] 美国波士顿东北大学 PZT Metglas 10.0 23.95 kHz 0.1 nT (120 m) [59] -
[1] 罗卓颖, 刘翠海, 黄玉成, 王崇 2009 舰船电子工程 29 148Google Scholar
Luo Z Y, Liu C H, Huang Y C, Wang C 2009 Ship Electron. Eng. 29 148Google Scholar
[2] 丁宏 2017 现代军事 4 71
Ding H 2017 Conmilit 4 71
[3] 王毅凡, 周密, 宋志慧 2014 通信技术 47 589Google Scholar
Wang Y F, Zhou M, Song Z H 2014 Commun. Technol. 47 589Google Scholar
[4] 史伟, 野学范, 胡冬梅 2011 数字技术与应用 7 12Google Scholar
Shi W, Ye X F, Hu D M 2011 Digital Technol. Appl. 7 12Google Scholar
[5] 左卫, 阚荣才, 任席闯 2014 舰船电子工程 34 151Google Scholar
Zuo W, Kan R C, Ren X C 2014 Ship Electron. Eng. 34 151Google Scholar
[6] 陆建勋 2013 极低频与超低频无线电技术 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社) 第22页
Lu J X 2013 Extreme Low Frequency and Super Low Frequency Radio Technology (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University press) p22 (in Chinese)
[7] 夏明耀, 陈志雨 1995 电子科学学刊 2 125
Xia M Y, Chen Z Y 1995 J. Electron. 2 125
[8] 李斐 2014 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Li F 2014 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[9] 周晨, 王翔, 刘默然, 倪彬彬, 赵正予 2018 地球物理学报 61 4323Google Scholar
Zhou C, Wang X, Liu M R, Ni B B, Zhao Z Y 2018 Chin. J. Geophys. 61 4323Google Scholar
[10] Cohen M B, Moore R C, Golkowski M, Lehtinen N G 2012 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 117 A12Google Scholar
[11] Kuo S, Snyder A, Kossey P, Chang C L, Labenski J 2012 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 117 A3Google Scholar
[12] 常珊珊, 倪彬彬, 赵正予, 汪枫, 李金星, 赵晶晶, 顾旭东, 周晨 2014 物理学报 63 069401Google Scholar
Chang S S, Ni B B, Zhao Z Y, Wang F, Li J X, Zhao J J, Gu X D, Zhou C 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 069401Google Scholar
[13] 郝书吉, 李清亮, 杨巨涛, 吴振森 2013 物理学报 62 229402Google Scholar
Hao S J, Li Q L, Yang J T, Wu Z S 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 229402Google Scholar
[14] 徐彤, 徐彬, 吴健, 胡艳莉, 许正文 2014 极地研究 26 316Google Scholar
Xu T, Xu B, Wu J, Hu Y, Xu Z 2014 Chin. J. Polar Res. 26 316Google Scholar
[15] 杨巨涛, 李清亮, 王建国, 郝书吉, 潘威炎 2017 物理学报 66 019401Google Scholar
Yang J T, Li Q L, Wang J G, Hao S J, Pan W Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 019401Google Scholar
[16] Cohen M B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Stanford: Stanford University)
[17] 刘翠海, 王文清 2011 电讯技术 51 187Google Scholar
Liu C H, Wang W Q 2011 Telecommun. Eng. 51 187Google Scholar
[18] Koons H, Dazey M 1983 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 31 243Google Scholar
[19] 董见, 罗建新 2015 舰船电子工程 35 159Google Scholar
Dong J, Luo J X 2015 Ship Electron. Eng. 35 159Google Scholar
[20] 魏亮, 柳超 2007 现代电子技术 1 14Google Scholar
Wei L, LIu C 2007 Mod. Electron. Tech. 1 14Google Scholar
[21] 吴笛 2009 舰船电子工程 29 68Google Scholar
Wu D 2009 Ship Electron. Eng. 29 68Google Scholar
[22] 贾琦 2014 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院))
Jia Q 2014 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[23] 郑小洪, 侯志强, 李冀鑫 2011 海军航空工程学院学报 26 628Google Scholar
Zheng X H, Hou Z Q, Li J X 2011 J. Naval Aeronaut. Astronaut. Univ. 26 628Google Scholar
[24] 樊文生, 张世田, 韩逍菲 2015 电波科学学报 30 114Google Scholar
Fan W S, Zhang S T, Han X F 2015 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 30 114Google Scholar
[25] Li K 1997 Proceedings of 1997 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Hong Kong, Dec. 2–5, 1997 p1233 DOI: 10.1109/APMC. 1997.656537
[26] 李凯 1998 全球定位系统 1 59
Li K 1998 GNSS World Chin. 1 59
[27] McLean J S 1996 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 44 672Google Scholar
[28] Thiele G A, Detweiler P L, Penno R P 2003 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 51 1263Google Scholar
[29] 夏钟福, 陈钢进, 肖慧明 2006 物理学报 55 2464Google Scholar
Xia Z F, Chen G J, Xiao H M 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2464Google Scholar
[30] Wedel A, Danz R, 夏钟福, 邱勋林, 张冶文 2002 物理学报 51 389Google Scholar
Wedel A, Danz R, Xia Z F, Qiu X L, Zhang Y W 2002 Acta Phys. Sin. 51 389Google Scholar
[31] Erhard D P, Lovera D, von Salis-Soglio C, Giesa R, Altstadt V, Schmidt H W (Muller A H E, Schmidt H W Ed.) 2010 Complex Macromolecular Systems Ii (Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin) pp155–207
[32] Bickford J A 2019 US Patent US10177452 B2 [2019-01-08]
[33] Bickford J A, Duwel A E, Weinberg M S, McNabb R S, Freeman D K, Ward P A 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 2209Google Scholar
[34] Bickford J A, McNabb R S, Ward P A, et al. 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA July 9–14, 2017 p1475
[35] Cui Y, Wang C, Wei M 2019 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting Atlanta, GA, USA, July 7–12, 2019 p1383
[36] 崔勇, 王琛, 宋晓, 梁博文 2019 自动化学报 45 1Google Scholar
Cui Y, Wang C, Song X, Liang B W 2019 Acta Automatica Sin. 45 1Google Scholar
[37] 崔勇, 王琛, 宋晓, 袁海文, 刘颖异 2020 中国专利 CN109004948B [2020-07-28
Cui Y, Wang C, Song X, Yuan H W, Liu Y Y 2020 CN Patent CN109004948B [2020-07-28] (in Chinese)
[38] Liang B W, Cui Y, Song X, Li L Y, Wang C 2019 Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput. 10 1950036Google Scholar
[39] Burch H C, Garraud A, Mitchell M F, Moore R C, Arnold D P 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 6265Google Scholar
[40] Cao J, Liu Y, Gong S H 2019 2019 International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI) Nanjing, China, Nov. 8–10, 2019 p140
[41] Gong S H, Liu Y, Liu Y 2018 Prog. Electromagn. Res. M 72 125Google Scholar
[42] Madanayake A, Choi S, Tarek M, Dharmasena S, Mandal S, Glickstein J, Sehirlioglu A 2017 2017 3rd International Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, May 29−31, 2017 p230
[43] 丁春全, 宋海洋 2019 舰船电子工程 39 166Google Scholar
Ding C Q, Song H Y 2019 Ship Electron. Eng. 39 166Google Scholar
[44] Manteghi M 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA, July 9–14, 2017 p1997
[45] 施伟, 周强, 刘斌 2019 物理学报 68 188401Google Scholar
Shi W, Zhou Q, Liu B 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 188401Google Scholar
[46] 周强, 姚富强, 施伟, 郝振洋, 郑欢, 刘斌, 何攀峰 2020 中国科学:技术科学 50 69Google Scholar
Zhou Q, Yuan F Q, Shi W, Hao Z Y, Zheng H, Liu B, He P F 2020 Sci. Sin. Technologica 50 69Google Scholar
[47] Golkowski M, Park J, Bittle J, Babaiahgari B, Rorrer R A L, Celinski Z 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p65
[48] Fawole O C, Tabib-Azar M 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 6927Google Scholar
[49] Barani N, Sarabandi K 2019 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting Atlanta, GA, USA, July 7–12, 2019 p2169
[50] Barani N, Sarabandi K 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p95
[51] Prasad M N S, Tok R U, Fereidoony F, Wang Y E, Zhu R, Propst A, Bland S 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 13220Google Scholar
[52] Mysore Nagaraja S P, Tok R U, Zhu R, Bland S, Propst A, Wang Y E 2019 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1407 012049Google Scholar
[53] Prasad M N S, Huang Y, Wang Y E 2017 IEEE 2017 XXXⅡnd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science Montreal, QC, Canada, Aug. 19–26, 2017 p1
[54] Prasad M N S, Selvin S, Tok R U, Huang Y K, Wang Y X 2018 2018 IEEE Radio & Wireless Symposium Anaheim, CA, USA, Jan. 15–18, 2018 p171
[55] Prasad M N S, Tok R U, Wang Y E 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p71
[56] Selvin S, Prasad M N S, Huang Y K, Wang E 2017 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting San Diego, CA, USA, July 9–14, 2017 p1477
[57] Kemp M A, Franzi M, Haase A, Jongewaard E, Whittaker M T, Kirkpatrick M, Sparr R 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1715Google Scholar
[58] Hassanien A E, Breen M, Li M H, Gong S 2019 arXiv: 1906.07797[physics.app-ph]
[59] Dong C Z, He Y F, Li M H, Tu C, Chu Z Q, Liang X F, Chen H H, Wei Y Y, Zaeimbashi M, Wang X J, Lin H, Gao Y, Sun N X 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 398Google Scholar
[60] Xu J, Leung C M, Zhuang X, Li J, Bhardwaj S, Volakis J, Viehland D 2019 Sensors 19 853Google Scholar
[61] Zheng H, Zhao J B, Xiang B, Xiong Q P, Deng F S 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p751
[62] Glickstein J S, Liang J, Choi S, Madanayake A, Mandal S 2020 IEEE Access 8 2455Google Scholar
[63] Strachen N, Booske J, Behdad N 2018 PLoS One 13 e0199934Google Scholar
[64] Strachen N D, Booske J H, Behdad N 2018 2018 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & Usnc/Ursi National Radio Science Meeting Boston, MA, USA, July 8–13, 2018 p67
[65] 张多佳 2019 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安理工大学)
Zhang D J 2019 B. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[66] 胡伯平 2014 磁性材料及器件 45 66Google Scholar
Hu B P 2014 J. Magn. Mater. Devics 45 66Google Scholar
[67] 胡文艳 2012 现代电子技术 35 151Google Scholar
Hu W Y 2012 Mod. Electron. Tech. 35 151Google Scholar
[68] Brown D, Ma B M, Chen Z M 2002 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 248 432Google Scholar
[69] Sugimoto S 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 11Google Scholar
[70] Bai G, Gao R W, Sun Y, Han G B, Wang B 2007 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 308 20Google Scholar
[71] Cao S, Yue M, Yang Y X, Zhang D, Liu W, Zhang J, Guo Z, Li W 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 07A740Google Scholar
[72] Ma B M, Liu W L, Liang Y L, Scott D, Bounds C O 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 75 6628Google Scholar
[73] 陈钢进, 饶成平, 肖慧明, 黄华, 赵延海 2015 物理学报 64 237702Google Scholar
Chen G J, Rao C P, Xiao H M, Huang H, Zhao Y H 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 237702Google Scholar
[74] 肖慧明, 温中泉, 张锦文, 陈钢进 2007 功能材料 38 1297Google Scholar
Xiao H M, Wen Z Q, Zhang J W, Chen G J 2007 J. Funct. Mater. 38 1297Google Scholar
[75] 赵满 2013 电子信息对抗技术 28 69Google Scholar
Zhao M 2013 Elec. Inf. Warfare Technol. 28 69Google Scholar
[76] 朱松 2007 中国电子科学研究院学报 2 562
Zhu S 2007 J. Chin. Acad. Electron Inf. Technol. 2 562
计量
- 文章访问数: 16203
- PDF下载量: 557
- 被引次数: 0