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Low-frequency electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of long propagation distance, strong resistance to electromagnetic pulse interference, and slow attenuation in seawater and other media. However, conventional low-frequency transmitting antennas have problems such as bulkiness, high power consumption, and low efficiency, which are not conducive to the performance of low-frequency electromagnetic waves. The mechanical antenna is a new type of low-frequency transmitting antenna that generates time-varying electromagnetic field radiation through the mechanical movement of electric charges or magnetic dipoles. The new radiation principle enables mechanical antennas to break the constraints on the physical size of electromagnetic waves in the traditional antenna field, thereby achieving low-frequency communication with a smaller size and higher efficiency, providing a subversive solution to scenarios such as submarine communication and through-the-earth communication. In recent years, mechanical antennas have attracted much attention and become a hot research topic in the field of low-frequency communication. In this paper, we briefly review the development history, development direction, and existing problems of traditional large-scale land-based low-frequency transmit antennas and persistent mobile low-frequency transmit antennas; we mention the details of the working principles and recent research progress of different mechanical antenna implementations including electret, permanent magnet and piezoelectric mechanical antennas; we compare and analyze the radiation performance, innovations, advantages and disadvantages of each specific implementation scheme; and we also discuss the characteristics of the existing frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, polarization modulation and other signal modulation methods of mechanical antennas and the application schemes of several signal modulation methods of different types of mechanical antennas; finally, we prospect the research direction of mechanical antennas in the next stage. At present, the feasibility of the mechanical antenna scheme has been verified theoretically and experimentally, but it is limited by the antenna volume, power consumption, driving device and other factors, and the radiation intensity of the mechanical antenna is limited. We believe that the research in the field of mechanical antennas in the next stage will focus on the design of antennas for achieving longer communication distances at the sacrifice of certain small and light weight indicators, and innovative signal loading and modulation methods to improve communication rates will also be worth paying attention to in the field of mechanical antennas.
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Keywords:
- mechanical antenna /
- low frequency communication /
- magnetic field radiation /
- electret /
- permanent magnets /
- piezoelectric effect
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图 1 大规模陆基低频对潜通信系统 (a) 位于Nizhny Novgorod的“歌利亚”对潜通信天线阵列; (b) 位于美国Upper Peninsula的美国海军对潜低频通信基地; (c) ZEVS低频对潜通信系统天线分布
Fig. 1. Large-scale land-based low-frequency submarine communication system: (a) Antenna array of "Golia" pair submarine communication in Nizhny Novgorod; (b) U.S. Navy's low-frequency submarine communication base on the Upper Peninsula of the United States; (c) ZEVS antenna distribution of low frequency submarine communication system.
图 6 典型永磁体式机械天线 (a)佛罗里达大学方案[39]; (b)西安电子科技大学方案[40]; (c)科罗拉多大学丹佛分校方案[47]; (d)犹他大学方案[48]; (e)密歇根大学方案[49]; (f)加州大学洛杉矶分校方案[51]
Fig. 6. Typical permanent magnet type mechanical antenna: (a) University of Florida[39]; (b) Xidian University[40]; (c) University of Colorado Denver[47]; (d) University of Utah[48]; (e) University of Michigan[49]; (f) University of California, Los Angeles[51].
图 8 磁电式机械天线结构模型[59] (a)磁电天线结构; (b)磁电天线俯视图; (c)磁电天线侧视图; (d)发射天线与接收天线
Fig. 8. Structural model of piezoelectric mechanical antenna[59]: (a) Schematic of the ME antenna; (b) top view of a fabricated ME antenna prototype; (c) side view of the schematic and fabricated ME antenna; (d) one pair of ME transmitter and receiver packed in plastic boxes.
表 1 各团队机械天线性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of mechanical antennas of various teams.
天线方案 团队名称 材料 尺寸/cm 频率范围 磁场强度 参考
文献驻极体式机械天线 北京航空航天大学美国
加州大学伯克利分校FEP 5.0 0—200 Hz [35] 永磁体式
机械天线单永磁体 美国佛罗里达大学 N42钕铁硼 1.6 100—500 Hz 800 fT (100 m) [39] 美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校 N42钕铁硼 1.9 30 Hz 10 μT (0.3 m) [64] 美国科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 钕铁硼 钢 0—1.6 kHz 50 pT (5 m) [47] 美国犹他大学 钕铁硼 135.0 47 μT (50 m) [48] 西安电子科技大学 钕铁硼 15.0 30 Hz 1 nT (0.6 m) [40] 永磁体
阵列美国加州大学洛杉矶分校 N55钕铁硼 13.0 1031 Hz [51] 压电谐振式
机械天线压电式 美国斯坦福大学SLAC实验室 LiNbO3 9.4 35.5 kHz [57] 美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校 PZT 8.0 33.2 kHz 40 fT (6 m) [58] 磁电式 美国弗吉尼亚理工大学 PZT Metglas 10.0 30 kHz 1 nT (0.9 m) [60] 美国波士顿东北大学 PZT Metglas 10.0 23.95 kHz 0.1 nT (120 m) [59] -
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