热带沿海地区一次局地雷暴消散阶段的云内电场

余海; 张廷龙; 陈阳; 吕伟涛; 赵小平; 陈洁

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201634

摘要

利用球载电场探空仪于2019年8月12日在海南岛东北部海岸线附近获得的一次局地雷暴消散阶段的云内电场探空资料, 结合S波段天气雷达、地面大气平均电场仪、地闪定位等观测资料, 详细分析了该雷暴的演变过程和电学特征. 由电晕电流反演的垂直电场廓线可知, 云内正、负电场最大值分别位于大约6.3和8.3 km处, 垂直方向上, 云内分布着6个电荷区, 最下部为负电荷区, 往上依次改变极性, 且所有电荷区都位于零度层以上的混合相区域. 由于数据中断, 无法准确判断上部负电荷区上部边界以及其上方的正电荷区信息, 其余四个电荷区分别位于海拔高度6.0—6.3 km, 6.3—6.6 km, 6.9—7.3 km以及7.3—8.3 km之间, 电荷密度分别为–1.84, 1.80, –1.46和1.04 nC/m³. 由已有数据推算, 最上部负电荷区电荷密度应大于–0.51 nC/m³, 其电荷区相对强度仅次于靠近其下部边界的正电荷区, 两者电荷区厚度都超过1 km.

关键词:

Abstract

In order to directly observe the electric field characteristics and study the charge structure in thunderstorms occurring in tropical regions, a balloon-borne strong electric field sounding is used to measure the vertical component of the electric field, temperature within the cloud and real-time location information of the sounding. Based on the principle of corona discharge, two 1-m-long metal probes are used as the sensors to detect the vertical electric field. In the summer of 2019, a result of electric field sounding within a local thunderstorm was obtained in the northeastern coastal area of Hainan Island, China. With the combination of an S-band weather radar, atmospheric electric field instrument and lightning locating network, the charge structure of the thunderstorm is analyzed in detail. The results show that the thunderstorm is a small-scaled local thunderstorm occurring in the afternoon, the sounding starting to be observed at the decay stage of the thunderstorm. In this period, lightning activities is rare, and the variation of ground electric field is similar to that of conventional summer thunderstorms. The whole sounding process lasts 34 min, during which the vertical airflow in the cloud is relatively stable, basically keeping 4–6 m/s. It can be seen from the electric field profile that the charge distribution in the thunderstorm cloud shows a complex charge structure which is composed of six charge regions. A negative charge region is lowermost, and above this the polarity alternates successively from bottom to up, where all charge regions are located above the melting-layer. Due to data interruption, it is impossible to accurately judge the upper boundary of the upper negative charge region and the information about the positive charge region above. The remaining charge regions are located in an altitude range of 6.0–6.3 km, 6.3–6.6 km, 6.9–7.3 km and 7.3–8.3 km, respectively. The charge densities in these four regions are –1.84 nC/m³, 1.80 nC/m³, –1.46 nC/m³, and 1.04 nC/m³, respectively. According to the existing data, the charge density of the uppermost negative charge area should be greater than –0.51 nC/m³. Moreover, the upper positive charge region (the fourth from bottom up) has the largest strength, followed by the negative charge region above it, both of which are more than 1 km in thickness. The electric field intensities in the other charge regions are relatively small. The pairs of positive and negative charge regions at the bottom are slightly different in strength and thickness.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
海南省南海气象防灾减灾重点实验室, 海口　570203

2.
中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室, 北京　100081

3.
西昌卫星发射中心, 西昌　615000

通信作者: 张廷龙, 55962271@qq.com

基金项目: 海南省自然科学基金创新研究团队项目(批准号: 2017CXTD014)、中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室开放课题(批准号: 2019LASW-B13)和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 41775011)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province, Haikou 570203, China

2.
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

3.
Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Xichang 615000, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Ting-Long, 55962271@qq.com

Funds: Project supported by the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province, China (Grant No. 2017CXTD014), the Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory for Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China (Grant No. 2019LASW-B13), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41775011)

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参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 (a)探空观测设备分布图; (b) (a)图方框部分放大图. ▲: 探空点; ☆: ADTD定位子站; ★: 雷达站和ADTD定位子站

Fig. 1. (a) Distribution of Sounding observation in Hainan Province; (b) enlarged view of the section in the square of picture (a). ▲: Sounding site; ☆: Substations of ADTD; ★: Radar site and ADTD substation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 8月12日08时850 hPa风场和相对湿度以及500 hPa等高线(北京时间, BJT)

Fig. 2. The wind, relative humidity (850 hPa) and geopotential height field (500 hPa) at 8:00 (BJT) on August 12, 2019.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 雷暴不同阶段的回波强度(高度2 km). ▲: 探空点

Fig. 3. Radar echo intensity of thunderstorm in different stages ▲: Sounding site

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 探空气球路径　(a) 气球飞行高度随时间变化曲线; (b) 水平投影; (c) 东西方向的立体投影; (d) 南北方向的立体投影; (e) 空间飞行轨迹

Fig. 4. The Sounding path: (a) Height-time plots; (b) plan view; (c) west-east ward vertical projection; (d) north-south ward vertical projection; (e) height-distance plots.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 探空路径及雷达回波特征(18:07)　(a) 回波平面图, 直线AB为垂直剖面位置; (b) 探空路径与回波垂直剖面叠加. 其中▲为探空点位置

Fig. 5. Sounding path and the corresponding Radar echo characters (18:07): (a) Radar echo characters during the sounding stage; (b) superposition image of radar echo vertical cross section of line AB in Fig. (a) and sounding path. ▲: Sounding site.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 8月12日探空分析结果　(a) 气球上升速度; (b) 电晕电流; (c) 空中电场(E)和温度(T); (d) 电荷密度

Fig. 6. Sounding results in thunderstorm on August 12, 2019: (a) Ascending velocity; (b) corona current; (c) E-field (E) and temperature (T); (d) charge density.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 雷暴地面电场演变特征, 其中红色竖线之间区域为探空观测阶段

Fig. 7. Evolution characteristics of ground E-field of thunderstorm, in which the duration between two red vertical lines was the sounding stage.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 18:18时刻雷达回波与其前后10 min地闪活动叠加图.+:正地闪, ×:负地闪

Fig. 8. Superposition image of radar echo reflectivity at 18:18 and CGs flashes for 10 minutes before and after the moment. +: Positive CGs flashes, ×:Negative CGs flashes.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Maccready P B, Proudfit A 1965 Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 91 44 Google Scholar
[2]	Marshall T C, Rust W D 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 22297 Google Scholar
[3]	Marshall T C, Rust W D 1993 Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74 2159 Google Scholar
[4]	Marshall T C, Rust W D, Stolzenburg M 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 1001 Google Scholar
[5]	Bateman M G, Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M, Rust W D 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 9643 Google Scholar
[6]	Zhang T L, Zhao Z K, Zhao Y, Wei C X, Yu H, Zhou F C 2015 Atmos. Res. 164-165 188 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhang T L, Yu H, Zhou F C, Chen J, Zhang M H 2018 Ann. Geophys. 36 979 Google Scholar
[8]	张廷龙, 余海, 王军, 张茂华, 周方聪, 陈洁 2019 地球物理学报 62 1591 Google Scholar Zhang T L, Yu H, Wang J, Zhang M H, Zhou F C, Chen J 2019 Chin. J. Geophys. 62 1591 Google Scholar
[9]	刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 王志超, 吴学柯, 潘伦湘 2013 物理学报 62 219201 Google Scholar Liu D X, Qie X S, Wang Z C, Wu X K, Pan L X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 219201 Google Scholar
[10]	Qie X S, Zhang T L, Chen C P, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Wei W Z 2005 Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L05814 Google Scholar
[11]	Qie X, Kong X, Zhang G, Zhang T, Yuan T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun A 2005 Atmos. Res. 76 231 Google Scholar
[12]	赵阳, 张义军, 董万盛, 张鸿发, 陈成品, 张彤 2004 地球物理学报 47 405 Google Scholar Zhao Y, Zhang Y J, Dong W S, Zhang H F, Chen C P, Zhang T 2004 Chin. J. Geophys. 47 405 Google Scholar
[13]	Zhagn Y J, Dong W S, Zhao Y, Zhang G S, Zhang H F, Chen C P, Zhang T 2004 Sci. China, Ser. D Earth Sci. 47 108 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang Y J, Meng Q, Lu W T, Paul K, Liu X S, Zhou X J 2006 Chin. Sci. Bull. 51 198 Google Scholar
[15]	Cui H, Qie X, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhang G, Yang J 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 425 Google Scholar
[16]	Zhang T L, Qie X S, Yuan T, Zhang G S, Zhang T, Zhao Y 2009 Atmos. Res. 92 475 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhao Z K, Qie X S, Zhang T L, Zhang T, Zhang H F, Wang Y, She Y, Sun B L, Wang H B 2009 Chin. Sci Bull. 55 872 Google Scholar
[18]	李亚珺, 张广庶, 文军, 王彦辉, 张彤, 范祥鹏, 武斌 2012 地球物理学报 55 3203 Google Scholar Li Y J, Zhang G S, Wen J, Wang Y H, Zhang T, Fan X P, Wu B 2012 Chin. J. Geophys. 55 3203 Google Scholar
[19]	Li Y J, Zhang G S, Wen J, Wang D H, Wang Y H, Zhang T, Fan X P, Wu B 2013 Atmos. Res. 134 137 Google Scholar
[20]	Takahashi T 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 1536 Google Scholar
[21]	Saunders C P R, Keith W D, MIitzeva R P 1991 J. Geophys. Res. 96 11007 Google Scholar
[22]	Saunders C P R, Peck S L 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 13949 Google Scholar
[23]	Mansell E R, MacGorman D R, Ziegler G L, Straka J M 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 D12101 Google Scholar
[24]	Winn W P, Moore C B, Holmes C R 1981 J. Geophys. Res. 86 1187 Google Scholar
[25]	Marshall T C, Winn W P 1982 J. Geophys. Res. 87 7141 Google Scholar
[26]	Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 19769 Google Scholar
[27]	Bateman M G, Rust W D, Smull B F, Marshall T C 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 16341 Google Scholar
[28]	Bruning E C, Rust W D, Schuur T J, MacGorman D R, Krehbiel P R, Rison W 2007 Mon. Wea. Rev. 135 2525 Google Scholar
[29]	Jayaratne E R, Saunders C P R, Hallett J 1983 Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc. 109 609 Google Scholar
[30]	Hou T J, Lei H C, Hu Z X 2009 Atmos. Res. 91 281 Google Scholar
[31]	Liu D X, Qie X S, Peng L, Li W L 2014 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 31 1022 Google Scholar
[32]	李万莉, 刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 傅慎明, 段树, 陈羿辰 2012 物理学报 61 059202 Google Scholar Li W L, Liu D X, Qie X S, Fu S M, Duan S, Chen Y C 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 059202 Google Scholar
[33]	李江林, 余晔, 李万莉, 李亚珺 2019 地球物理学报 62 2366 Google Scholar Li J L, Yu Y, Li W L, Li Y J 2019 Chin. J. Geophys. 62 2366 Google Scholar
[34]	Rust W D, Marshall T C 1996 J. Geophys. Res. 101 23499 Google Scholar
[35]	Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Smull B F, Marshall T C 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14059 Google Scholar
[36]	Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Marshall T C 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14079 Google Scholar
[37]	Stolzenburg M, Rust W D, Marshall T C 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 14097 Google Scholar
[38]	张义军, 徐良韬, 郑栋, 王飞 2014 应用气象学报 25 513 Google Scholar Zhang Y J, Xu L T, Zheng D, Wang F 2014 J. Appl. Meteor. Sci. 25 513 Google Scholar
[39]	Tessendorf S A, Wiens K C, Rutledge S A 2007 Mon. Wea. Rev. 135 3665 Google Scholar
[40]	Tessendorf S A, Rutledge S A, Wiens K C 2007 Mon. Wea. Rev. 135 3682 Google Scholar
[41]	Bruning E C, Rust W D, MacGorman D R, Biggerstaff M I, Schuur T J 2010 Mon. Wea. Rev. 138 3740 Google Scholar
[42]	Bruning E C, Weiss S A, Calhoun K M 2014 Atmos. Res. 135-136 274 Google Scholar
[43]	Fuchs B R, Rutledge S A, Bruning E C, et al. 2015 J. Geophys. Res. 120 6575 Google Scholar
[44]	Qie X S, Zhang Y J 2019 Adv. Atmos. Sci. 36 994 Google Scholar
[45]	Takahashi T, Tajiri T, Sonol Y 1999 J. Atmos. Sci. 56 1561 Google Scholar
[46]	Suzuki T, Matsudo Y, Asano T, Hayakawa M, Michimoto K 2011 J. Geophys. Res. 116 D06205 Google Scholar
[47]	Takahashi T, Isono K 1967 Tellus 19 420 Google Scholar
[48]	Takahashi T 1975 J. Atmos. Sci. 32 123 Google Scholar
[49]	Takahashi T 1978 Mon. Wea. Rev. 106 1598 Google Scholar
[50]	Takahashi T, Keenan T D 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D16208 Google Scholar
[51]	Mohanty M, Kumar P P 2004 Indian J. Radio. Space. Phys. 33 310
[52]	Falade J A, Adesanya S O 2015 Adv. Phys. Theor. Appl. 44 72
[53]	Falade J A, Adesanya S O 2015 Adv. Phys. Theor. Appl. 44 107
[54]	余海, 张廷龙, 高燚, 劳小青, 韦昌雄, 范祥鹏 2016 中国科学院大学学报 33 195 Google Scholar Yu H, Zhang T L, Gao Y, Lao X Q, Wei C X, Fan X P 2016 Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 33 195 Google Scholar
[55]	赵中阔, 郄秀书, 张广庶, 张廷龙, 张彤, 郭凤霞, 窦志强 2008 高原气象 27 881 Zhao Z K, Qie X S, Zhang G S, Zhang T L, Zhang T, Guo F X, Dou Z Q 2008 Plateau. Meteor. 27 881
[56]	冯桂力, 郄秀书, 吴书君 2008 大气科学 32 289 Google Scholar Feng G L, Qie X S, Wu S J 2008 Chin. J. Atmos. Sci. 32 289 Google Scholar
[57]	Zhang T L, Zhao G, Wei C X, Gao Y, Yu H, Zhou F C 2017 J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 154 226 Google Scholar
[58]	肖艳娇, 刘黎平 2006 气象学报 64 647 Google Scholar Xiao Y J, Liu L P 2006 Acta Meteor. Sin. 64 647 Google Scholar
[59]	Stolzenburg M, marshall T C 1994 J. Geophys. Res. 99 25921 Google Scholar
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热带沿海地区一次局地雷暴消散阶段的云内电场