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摩擦纳米发电机作为一种能够将机械能转换为电能的新型能源转换装置, 自发明以来便引起了广泛关注, 然而其环保性能由于原料来源多为合成高分子材料而受到制约. 采用绿色环保的纤维素材料制备摩擦纳米发电机是解决上述问题的重要方式之一. 本研究以竹纤维素和钛酸钡(BaTiO3)为原料, 结合湿法造纸和掺杂改性制备了纤维素/钛酸钡复合纸, 并将其作为正极摩擦层构建了纸基摩擦纳米发电机(cellulose/barium titanate-triboelectric nanogenerator, C/BT-TENG). 结果表明, BaTiO3的加入显著提升了复合纸的相对介电常数, C/BT-TENG的输出性能随着BaTiO3掺杂量增加而提升, 在4%掺杂量时, C/BT-TENG的开路电压和短路电流达到最大值118.5 V 和13.51 µA, 相比纯纤维素纸作为正极摩擦层时, 分别提升了51.3% 和41.2%. 通过模型法分析了介电调控提升C/BT-TENG输出性能的机理. 此外, C/BT-TENG具有良好的输出性能和工作稳定性, 在负载电阻为5 MΩ时, 其获得最大输出功率密度0.36 W/m2, 表现出良好的应用前景.As a new energy conversion device that can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, triboelectric nanogenerator has attracted extensive attention since its invention. However, its environmental performance is limited because the raw materials are mostly synthetic polymer materials. Using green and environmentally friendly cellulose materials to prepare triboelectric nanogenerators is one of the important ways to solve the above problems. In this study, cellulose/barium titanate composite paper is prepared by using bamboo cellulose and barium carbonate (BaTiO3) as raw materials and combining wet papermaking and doping modification. The paper based triboelectric nanogenerator (C/BT-TENG) is constructed by using the cellulose/barium titanate composite paper as a positive friction layer. The results show that the addition of BaTiO3 significantly improves the relative dielectric constant of the composite paper, and the output performance of C/BT-TENG increases with the augment of BaTiO3 doping amount. When the doping amount is 4%, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of C/BT-TENG reach the maximum values of 118.5 V and 13.51 µA, respectively, which are 51.3% and 41.2% higher than when pure cellulose paper is used as the positive friction layer. The mechanism of dielectric regulation to improve the C/BT-TENG output performance is analyzed by the modeling method. In addition, the C/BT-TENG has a good output performance and operation stability. When the load resistance is 5 MΩ, the maximum output power density of C/BT-TENG reaches 0.36 W/m2, simplying a good application prospect.
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Keywords:
- barium titanate /
- cellulose paper /
- triboelectric nanogenerators /
- energy collection
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图 1 (a)竹材多级结构示意图; (b) C/BT复合纸制备流程示意图; (c) C/BT-TENG结构示意图
Fig. 1. (a) Diagram of hierarchical structure of bamboo; (b) schematic illustration of the preparation of C/BT composite paper; (c) structure diagram of C/BT-TENG.
图 2 (a) C/BT-4复合纸表面SEM图; (b) BaTiO3与纤维之间的氢键示意图; C/BT-4复合纸表面(c) Ti元素和(d) Ba元素的EDS能谱图
Fig. 2. (a) The surface SEM image of C/BT-4 composite paper; (b) diagram of hydrogen bond between BaTiO3 and fiber; EDS spectrum of (c) Ti and (d) Ba on C/BT-4 composite paper surface.
图 3 (a) PTFE表面SEM图(右上角插图为其光学照片); (b) PTFE的红外光谱图; (c) BaTiO3颗粒的SEM图(右上角插图为其光学照片); (d) BaTiO3的X射线衍射图
Fig. 3. (a) The surface SEM image of PTFE (The illustration in the upper right corner is its optical photo); (b) the infrared spectrogram of PTFE; (c) the SEM image of BaTiO3 particles (The illustration in the upper right corner is its optical photo); (d) X-ray diffraction pattern of BaTiO3.
图 4 不同BaTiO3含量C/BT复合纸的应力-应变曲线
Fig. 4. Tensile stress-strain curves of C/BT composite paper with different BaTiO3 content.
图 5 不同BaTiO3含量C/BT复合纸作为正极摩擦层的C/BT-TENG的(a)开路电压和(b)短路电流; 不同BaTiO3含量C/BT复合纸的(c)相对介电常数和(d)介电损耗角正切随频率的变化情况
Fig. 5. (a) Open circuit voltage and (b) short circuit current of C/BT-TENG with C/BT composite paper with different BaTiO3 content as the positive friction layer; frequency dependence of (c) dielectric constant and (d) dielectric loss tangent of C/BT composite paper with different BaTiO3 content.
图 6 (a) 400倍和(b) 4000倍下C/BT-5复合纸表面SEM图; C/BT-5复合纸表面(c) Ti元素和(d) Ba元素的EDS能谱图
Fig. 6. The surface SEM image of (a) low and (b) high magnification showing the C/BT-5 composite paper surface; EDS spectrum of (c) Ti and (d) Ba on C/BT-5 composite paper surface.
图 7 C/BT-TENG的等效电路模型
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram and an equivalent circuit model of the C/BT-TENG.
图 8 C/BT-TENG在不同大小外力下的(a)开路电压和(b)短路电流; (c) C/BT-TENG的开路电压与外力大小的线性拟合; (d) C/BT-TENG在5000次连续循环工作过程中的输出电压
Fig. 8. (a) Open circuit voltage and (b) short circuit current of C/BT-TENG under different external forces; (c) linear fit between open circuit voltage of C/BT-TENG and external force; (d) the output voltage of C/BT-TENG during 5000 continuous cycles.
图 9 C/BT-TENG在不同外接负载电阻下的(a)输出电压-电流和(b)输出功率
Fig. 9. (a) Output voltage-current and (b) output power of C/BT-TENG with external resistances.
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[1] Meyar-Naimi H, Vaez-Zadeh S 2012 Energ. Policy 43 351
Google Scholar
[2] Goldemberg J 2006 Energ. Policy 34 2185
Google Scholar
[3] Bai Y X, Shen B Y, Zhang S L, Zhu Z X, Sun S L, Gao J, Li B H, Wang Y, Zhang R F, Wei F 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1800680
Google Scholar
[4] Jie Y, Jia X T, Zou J D, Chen Y D, Wang N, Wang Z L, Cao X 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703133
[5] Zi Y L, Wang J, Wang S H, Li S M, Wen Z, Guo H Y, Wang Z L 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 1
Google Scholar
[6] Wang Z L 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 2000137
Google Scholar
[7] Shang W Y, Gu G Q, Zhang W H, Luo H C, Wang T Y, Zhang B, Guo J M, Cui P, Yang F, Cheng G, Du Z L 2021 Nano Energy 82 105725
Google Scholar
[8] Qin H F, Gu G Q, Shang W Y, Luo H C, Zhang W H, Cui P, Zhang B, Guo J M, Cheng G, Du Z L 2020 Nano Energy 68 104372
Google Scholar
[9] Qin H F, Cheng G, Zi Y L, Gu G Q, Zhang B, Shang W Y, Yang F, Yang J J, Du Z L, Wang Z L 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1805216
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang H, Quan L W, Chen J K, Xu C K, Zhang C H, Dong S R, Lu C F, Luo J K 2019 Nano Energy 56 700
Google Scholar
[11] Singh M, Sheetal A, Singh H, Sawhney R S, Kaur J 2020 J. Electron. Mater. 49 3409
Google Scholar
[12] Kwak S S, Kim S M, Ryu H, Kim J, Khan U, Yoon H J, Jeong Y H, Kim S W 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 3156
Google Scholar
[13] Xu G P, Zheng Y B, Feng Y G, Ma S C, Luo N, Feng M, Chen S G, Wang D 2021 Sci. China Technol. Sc. 64 2003
Google Scholar
[14] Landauer J, Aigner F, Kuhn M, Foerst P 2019 Adv. Powder Technol. 30 1099
Google Scholar
[15] Kang H, Kim H T, Woo H J, Kim H, Kim D H, Lee S, Kim S, Song Y J, Kim S W, Cho J H 2019 Nano Energy 58 227
Google Scholar
[16] Chao S, Ouyang H, Jiang D, Fan Y, Li Z 2021 Eco. Mat. 3 e12072
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[19] Kafy A, Sadasivuni K K, Akther A, Min S K, Kim J 2015 Mater. Lett. 159 20
Google Scholar
[20] Darabi S, Hummel M, Rantasalo S, Rissanen M, Mansson I O, Hilke H, Hwang B, Skrifvars M, Hamedi M M, Sixta H, Lund A, Muller C 2020 Acs Appl. Mater. Inter. 12 56403
Google Scholar
[21] Yao C H, Hernandez A, Yu Y H, Cai Z Y, Wang X D 2016 Nano Energy 30 103
Google Scholar
[22] Diaz A F, Felix-Navarro R M 2004 J. Electrostat. 62 277
Google Scholar
[23] Yu A F, Zhu Y X, Wang W, Zhai J Y 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1900098
Google Scholar
[24] Shao J J, Jiang T, Wang Z L 2020 Sci. China Technol. Sc. 63 1087
Google Scholar
[25] Min G, Manjakkal L, Mulvihill D M, Dahiya R S 2020 IEEE Sens. J. 20 6856
Google Scholar
[26] Wu C, Kim T W, Choi H Y 2017 Nano Energy 32 542
Google Scholar
[27] Wang X Z, Yang B, Liu J Q, Zhu Y B, Yang C S, He Q 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 1
Google Scholar
[28] Ba Y Y, Bao J F, Deng H T, Wang Z Y, Li X W, Gong T X, Huang W, Zhang X S 2020 Acs Appl. Mater. Inter. 12 42859
Google Scholar
[29] Jia C, Shao Z Q, Fan H Y, Feng R, Wang F J, Wang W J, Wang J Q, Zhang D L, Lü Y Y 2016 Compos. Part A-Appl. S 86 1
Google Scholar
[30] Ma M Y, Kang Z, Liao Q L, Zhang Q, Gao F F, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Zhang Y 2018 Nano Res. 11 2951
Google Scholar
[31] Li W B, Zhou D, Pang L X, Xu R, Guo H H 2017 J. Mater. Chem. A 5 19607
Google Scholar
[32] Zhang X, Lü S S, Lu X C, Yu H, Huang T, Zhang Q H, Zhu M F 2020 Nano Energy 75 104894
Google Scholar
[33] Sriphan S, Nawanil C, Vittayakorn N 2018 Ceram. Int. 44 S38
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[43] Shi Y X, Wang F, Tian J W, Li S Y, Fu E G, Nie J H, Lei R, Ding Y F, Chen X Y, Wang Z L 2021 Sci. Adv. 7 eabe2943
Google Scholar
[44] Nie J H, Ren Z W, Xu L, Lin S Q, Zhan F, Chen X Y, Wang Z L 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 1905696
Google Scholar
[45] Li S Y, Fan Y, Chen H Q, Nie J H, Liang Y X, Tao X L, Zhang J, Chen X Y, Fu E G, Wang Z L 2020 Energy Environ. Sci. 13 896
Google Scholar
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