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电润湿是指通过改变作用于液体-固体电极间的电势, 来影响固体和液体间的界面张力, 从而改变固液界面的润湿性, 即接触角, 使液滴产生形变、位移的现象. 电润湿电子纸显示是基于快速响应微流体操控技术的新型反射式“类纸”显示技术. 该技术拥有已商业化的电泳电子纸显示产品低能耗、视觉健康、可柔性等优点, 同时突破了“彩色”和“视频播放”两项当前束缚电子纸显示技术应用领域的瓶颈. 未来, 电润湿电子纸显示将为我国军用、民用市场提供全天候“绿色”显示产品, 具有千亿规模的直接市场和巨大产业辐射力. 本文对电润湿显示器件中涉及的多个物理方向, 特别是润湿与电润湿、两相流体力学、微观与界面物理、光物理、电介质物理、热物理、瞬态物理等, 进行了系统综述; 并且对基本器件工作原理、微观与介观物理图像、器件运行内在机制、器件可靠性等进行了全面介绍.Electrowetting refers to the phenomenon of modifying the surface tension between a liquid and a solid by adjusting the externally applied electric potential between the liquid and solid electrodes, thereby changing the contact angle between the two and causing a deformation and displacement of the droplets. Electrowetting electronic paper display is a new reflective “paper-like” display technology based on a rapid response microfluidic control technology. It has the advantages of low energy consumption, visual health, and flexibility of commercial electrophoretic electronic paper display products, while breaking through the bottlenecks of “full-color” and “video-speed response” that currently restrict the application of electronic paper display technology. In this paper, several physical directions involved in electrowetting display devices, especially wetting and electrowetting, binary phase fluid mechanics, microscopic and interfacial physics, photophysics, dielectric physics, thermophysics, and transient physics, are systematically reviewed; the basic principles of device operation, microscopic and mesoscopic physical pictures, internal mechanisms of device operation, and device reliability are also discussed in detail.
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Keywords:
- electrowetting /
- device physics /
- reflective display
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图 1 主流显示器件类型及其工作原理 (a) LCD液晶显示, 对背光源透射光进行调制; (b) OLED有机发光显示, 利用电光转换实现自发光; (c) E-Paper电子纸显示, 对环境光的反射进行调制
Fig. 1. Working principles of mainstream display devices: (a) LCD (liquid crystal) display, based on modulation of backlight transmisssion; (b) OLED (organic light-emitting) display, based on self-emission by conversion from electricity to light; (c) E-Paper (electronic paper) display, based on modulation of reflective light from environment.
图 2 电泳电子纸显示原理. 微胶囊包裹的两色电异性颗粒体系, 通过施加电场的极性及强度控制颗粒运动, 实现白色(左)、灰色(中)、黑色(右)等灰阶显示
Fig. 2. Working principles of electrophoretic e-paper display. Microcapsules are composed of positively charged white pigment chips and negatively charged black pigment chips. Particle motion is controlled by polarity and strength of external electric fields, resulting in display of white (left), grey (middle), and black (right) colors.
图 3 电润湿电子纸显示原理. 像素单元内两相流体体系通过施加电场强度控制油水界面运动, 实现灰阶调控 (a) 未加电状态; (b) 加电状态
Fig. 3. Working principles of electrowetting e-paper display. Binary phase fluids composed of colored oil and transparent water are controlled by strength of external electric fields, resulting in color modulation: (a) Without electric bias; (b) with electric bias.
图 31 液体介电泳现象 (a) 介电液体朝向更强电场的方向运动[97]; (b) 介电液体中的气泡远离强电场方向运动[97]; (c) 液体的自由界面趋向与电场线平行[97]
Fig. 31. Liquid DEP phenomenology: (a) Dielectric liquid drawn into a strong electric field[97]; (b) bubble repelled from a strong electric field[97]; (c) controlled liquid profile with surface parallel to the applied electric field[97].
图 32 液体介电泳实验操控微流体向上运动, 直至介电泳力与重力相平衡. 图中介电性的油性液体在两个平行共面电极之间的缝隙中上升, 并且截面为与电场线相平行的半圆形状[97]
Fig. 32. Liquid DEP experiments with micro liquid moving upwards until DEP is balanced by gravity. Dielectric oil moves upwards within the slit between two parallel co-planar electrodes, with the cross section of the liquid in a semi-circle shape parallel to electric fields[97].
图 33 流体内部在自然对流情形下不同瑞利数Ra对应的等温线分布 (a)
$ Ra = {10^3} $ [99]; (b)$ Ra = {10^4} $ [99]; (c)$ Ra = $ $ {10^5} $ [99]; (d)$ Ra = {10^6} $ [99]Fig. 33. Isotherms for a fluid under natural convection, with different Rayleigh numbers: (a)
$ Ra = {10^3} $ [99]; (b)$ Ra = $ $ {10^4} $ [99]; (c)$ Ra = {10^5} $ [99]; (d)$ Ra = {10^6} $ [99].图 34 流体内部在自然对流情形下不同瑞利数对应的流线分布, 分别对应图33中的四种情况 (a)
$ Ra = {10^3} $ [99]; (b)$ Ra = {10^4} $ [99]; (c)$ Ra = {10^5} $ [99]; (d)$ Ra = {10^6} $ [99]Fig. 34. Streamlines for a fluid under natural convection, for the four cases in Fig. 33: (a)
$ Ra = {10^3} $ [99]; (b)$ Ra = $ $ {10^4} $ [99]; (c)$ Ra = {10^5} $ [99]; (d)$ Ra = {10^6} $ [99].图 36 温度梯度导致的液滴输运在亲疏水情形下表现出相反的运动方向 (a) 液滴中心位置与时间的关系[57]; (b) 亲疏水情况下的流场、温度场的分布[57]
Fig. 36. Droplet transport driven by temperature gradient, with opposite directions for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces: (a) Droplet centroid position as a function of time[57]; (b) streamlines and isotherms for hydrophilic and hydrophobic cases[57].
表 1 流体中离子动力学物理模型概况
Table 1. Overview of modeling of ion dynamics in fluids.
理论 重要特征 前提假设 Helmholtz 表面电荷被单分子层的反离子中和;
表面电势在两层离子间线性变化离子热运动、离子扩散、离子表面吸附、
溶剂-固体表面相互作用均忽略Gouy-Chapman 考虑了离子热运动; 离子被假设为点电荷 离子实际尺寸被忽略; 固体表面电荷均匀分布;
非库仑相互作用被忽略Stern 考虑了离子的有限尺寸及水合离子作用;
考虑了离子在固体表面的吸附作用(即Stern层)Stern层厚度小于实际尺寸;
Stern层流速假设为0表 2 电润湿显示器件常用介电绝缘材料及其性能概况[87–89]
Table 2. Overview of common dielectric materials and their properties used in electrowetting display devices[87–89].
聚合物绝缘材料 介电材料 Parylene -C/N Teflon ®AF 1600 Teflon PTFE Cytop TM PDMS 聚氨酯 介电强度/(kV·mm–1) 268/276 21 60 110 21.2 22 介电常数 2.65/3.15 1.93 2.1 2.1 2.3—2.8 3.4 击穿电压/V ±240(DC)
<1 k(AC 50—20 kHz)— <300(DC)
<600 k(AC 1 kHz)<120(DC)
<800(AC 2 kHz)±500(DC) <400 (DC) 厚度/μm 3.5—30.0 0.01—0.10 25—50 0.1—1.0 38 6—35 接触角/(°) 126 120 114 110 120 50—80 加工工艺 气相沉积 旋涂/浸涂 成泡膜材料 旋涂 旋涂 旋涂 无机绝缘材料 介电材料 二氧化硅 氮化硅 BST 介电强度
/(kV·mm–1)400—600 500 18—54 介电常数 3.9 7.5 225—265 击穿电压/V VDC≥25 >40 VDC≥15 厚度/μm 0.1—1.0 0.15 0.07 接触角/(°) 46.7 30 40.8 加工工艺 PECVD 气相沉积 MOCVD -
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Google Scholar
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Zhou G 2021 Electronic Paper Display Technology (Beijing: Science Press
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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