相对论重离子碰撞中的喷注淬火效应

张善良; 邢宏喜; 王恩科

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230993

摘要

相对论重离子碰撞中产生了高温高密解禁闭的夸克胶子等离子体(QGP), 研究QGP的性质是高能核物理目前最重要的物理目标之一. 其中, 应用喷注淬火作为硬探针研究QGP的性质是一个非常重要的手段. 喷注淬火指的是相对论重离子碰撞中产生的高能部分子穿过QGP时, 通过强相互作用导致的能量损失效应. 本文主要介绍喷注淬火效应的最新研究进展, 具体包含喷注淬火效应对强子、喷注和喷注子结构的介质影响, 以及目前理论上面临的问题和困难.

关键词:

Abstract

One of the main goals of high-energy nuclear physics is to explore the fundamental properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, in which the energetic quarks and gluons, known as fast partons, created prior to the formation of the QGP, traverse the hot-dense medium and experience strong interactions with the constituents of the medium, and eventually lead to the attenuation of jet energy. Such a novel phenomenon, referred to as jet quenching, plays an essential role in probing the transport properties of the QGP. The objective of this paper is to review some of the latest experimental and theoretical progress of jet quenching, such as medium modification on the large $ p_{\rm T} $ hadrons, full jets, and jet substructures in heavy-ion collisions, as well as the challenges in the forefront theoretical investigations.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
华南师范大学量子物质研究院, 原子亚原子结构与量子调控教育部重点实验室, 广东省高等学校物质结构与相互作用基础研究卓越中心, 广州　510006

2.
华南师范大学南方核科学计算中心, 粤港量子物质联合实验室, 广东省核物质科学与技术重点实验室, 广州　510006

通信作者: 邢宏喜, hxing@m.scnu.edu.cn ; 王恩科, wangek@scnu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 12147131, 12035007, 12022512)和广东省基础与应用基础研究项目(批准号: 2020B0301030008, 2022A1515010683)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

2.
Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Southern Nuclear Science Computing Center, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

Corresponding author: Xing Hong-Xi, hxing@m.scnu.edu.cn ; Wang En-Ke, wangek@scnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12147131, 12035007, 12022512) and the Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 22020B0301030008, 2022A1515010683).

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施引文献

图 1 (a) 根据不同能量损失机制对RHIC和LHC 中强子的核修正因子进行分析提取QGP的输运参数$ {\hat{q}} $与初始温度的依赖关系^[48]; (b) 根据不同的模型以及参数化形式提取的输运参数$ {\hat{q}} $对介质演化温度的依赖关系^[49,50]

Fig. 1. (a) The dependence of transport coefficient $ {\hat{q}} $ on the initial temperature T, extracted from the nuclear modification factor of hadrons from RHIC and LHC measurements^[48], based on four different energy lose formalism; (b) the dependence of transport coefficient $ {\hat{q}} $ on the evolution temperature T, extracted with different models and parameterized functions^[49,50]

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图 2 (a) 通过$ J/\varPsi $的核修正因子贝叶斯分析提取的胶子和粲夸克的能量损失分布^[51]; (b) 同时对轻味强子, D介子以及B介子衰变的$ J/\varPsi $ 的核修正因子进行系统的贝叶斯分析提取的胶子, 轻味夸克, c夸克和b夸克的平均能量损失份额^[52]

Fig. 2. (a) The final extracted energy loss distributions of charm quark and gluon from Bayesian analysis to experimental data on inclusive J/ψ ^[51]; (b) fractional jet energy loss of gluon, light quarks, charm quarks and bottom quarks from Bayesian analysis to experimental data on the R_AA of charged hadrons, D mesons and B-decayed J/ψ ^[52].

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图 3 单半举喷注, 光子标记喷注和b夸克喷注的微分散射截面, 夸克胶子份额和核修正因子^[70], 并与实验测量结果进行比较

Fig. 3. The differential cross sections of, fraction of quark and gluon in, nuclear modification factor of inclusive jet, γ-tagged jet, and b-jet^[70] as well as the comparison with experimental data^[67-69].

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图 4 (a) 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb碰撞中胶子喷注(红色)、夸克喷注(蓝色)、单举喷注(绿色)的核修正因子$R_{{\rm{AA}}} $的中心度依赖^[70]; (b) 最终拟合的b-喷注、单举喷注、光子标记喷注的核修正因子$ R_{{\rm{AA}}}$, 以及数据驱动提取出的胶子喷注、轻夸克喷注和b夸克喷注的$ R_{{\rm{AA}}}$和能量损失分布^[70]

Fig. 4. (a) The centrality dependence of final fitted gluon jet (red), quark jet (blue) and inclusive jet (green) $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV^[70]; (b) final fitted nuclear modification factor $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ of b-jets, inclusive jet and γ-tagged jet, and the data-driven extracted $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ and energy loss distributions of gluon, light quark, and b-quark initiated jets^[70].

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图 5 (a) CMS测量的在不同横动量区间内喷注锥角为R = 0.3—1.0的单半举喷注的核修正因子与R = 0.2的结果的比值对R的分布, 及与理论模型计算结果的比较^[74]; (b) ALICE测量的R = 0.6的带电强子重建喷注的核修正因子与R = 0.2的结果的比值, 并与理论模型进行比较^[75]

Fig. 5. (a) The double ratio $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ for inclusive jet, as a function of R, for R = 0.3–1.0 with respect to R = 0.2 in various $ p_{\rm{T}}^J $ ranges for the 0–10% centrality class as well as the comparison with model calculations^[74]; (b) the ratio of charged jet $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ with R = 0.6 to that with R = 0.2 measured by ALICE^[75] and the comparison with model calculations.

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图 6 (a)部分子层次和强子层次的不同喷注锥角的微分散射截面与R = 1.0的微分散射截面的比值并与实验结果的比较(左图), 强子层次的散射截面与部分子层次的散射截面的比值(右图); (b)单喷注以及重建喷注的核修正因子对喷注锥角的依赖分布. 图片来源于文献[76]

Fig. 6. (a) The ratio of inclusive jet cross section with R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 with respect to R = 1.0 calculated as parton level and hadron level as well as the comparison with CMS data (left); the ratio of jet cross section at hadron level to parton level with different jet cones (right); (b) jet cone dependent $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ of inclusive jet and reclustered jet. Pictures are taken from Ref [76].

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图 7 基于部分子层次和团簇强子模型计算的光子标记喷注的喷注形状(a)与光子标记喷注的碎裂函数(b)以及它们的介质修正^[91]

Fig. 7. Distributions of and $ R_{{\rm{AA}}} $ of jet shape (a) and jet fragmentation function (b) calculated at parton and hadron level^[91].

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图 8 基于团簇强子化模型计算的质子-质子碰撞和核核碰撞中Z玻色子与其标记的带电强子的方位角关联(a)以及Z玻色子标记的带电强子相对于Z玻色的碎裂函数(b)^[91]

Fig. 8. (a)The azimuthal angle correlation $ \Delta \phi_{Z, {\rm{ch}}} $ between charged hadron and the recoiling Z boson; (b) the fragmentation pattern of the charged hadron recoiling from a Z boson^[91].

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图 9 CMS测量的单喷注在不同的动量区间内的修饰的碎裂函数$ z_{\rm g} $的介质修正, 并与理论模型的计算结果进行比较^[89]

Fig. 9. Medium modification on groomed fragmentation function $ z_{\rm{g}} $ of inclusive jet in different $ p_{\rm{T}} $ intervals measured by CMS and the comparison with model calculations^[89].

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