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轨道角动量(orbital angular momentum, OAM)模式激光器在大容量通信系统、激光加工、微粒子操作、量子光学领域研究有潜在应用价值. OAM模式飞秒光纤激光器具有结构简单、成本低、峰值功率高等优势而被重点研究. 当前OAM模式飞秒光纤激光器在重复频率、脉冲宽度、光谱宽度等关键参数上分别都有突破, 但性能难以兼得, 且重复频率目前在数十MHz. 本文基于模式相位匹配原理, 制作了大带宽的模式耦合器, 结合非线性偏振旋转锁模机理, 通过优化腔内的色散, 搭建了百兆赫兹重复频率的OAM模式飞秒光纤激光器. 实验结果表明, 一阶OAM模式光纤激光器的重复频率可达113.6 MHz, 脉冲半高全宽98 fs, 10 dB带宽可达101 nm; 二阶OAM模式光纤激光器的重复频率可达114.9 MHz, 脉冲半高全宽60 fs, 10 dB带宽可达100 nm. 相对于已报道的方案, 本文报道的方案在重复频率、脉宽和光谱宽度等关键参数上综合性能较好, 有望更广泛地应用于OAM通信、粒子操控等研究领域.Orbital angular momentum (OAM) lasers have potential applications in large capacity communication systems, laser processing, particle manipulation and quantum optics. OAM mode femtosecond fiber laser has become the research focus due to the advantages of simple structure, low cost and high peak power. At present, OAM mode femtosecond fiber lasers have made some breakthroughs in key parameters such as repetition frequency, pulse width, spectrum width, but it is difficult to achieve good overall performance. Besides, the repetition rate is tens of MHz at present. In this paper, a large-bandwidth mode coupler is made based on the mode phase matching principle. In coupler, the first order mode coupler with 3 dB polarization dependent loss is made by the technology of strong fused biconical taper, and the second order mode coupler with 0.3 dB polarization dependent loss is made by the technology of weak fused biconical taper. By combining the nonlinear polarization rotation mode-locking mechanism, OAM mode femtosecond fiber laser with over 100 MHz repetition rate is built. The achievement of the key parameters is attributed to the selection of dispersion shifted fibers that can accurately adjust intracavity dispersion. Comparing with traditional dispersion compensation fibers (DCF), the group velocity dispersion is reduced by an order of magnitude, so it can better adjust intracavity dispersion to achieve the indexes of large spectral bandwidth and narrow pulse width. In addition, the diameter of the fiber is 8 μm, which is the same as that of a single mode fiber. Comparing with DCF, the fusion loss can be ignored, so only a shorter gain Erbium-doped fiber is required, which ensures a shorter overall cavity length and achieves high repetition frequency. The experimental results show that the first order OAM mode fiber laser has 113.6 MHz repetition rate, 98 fs half-height full pulse width, and 101 nm 10 dB bandwidth. Second-order OAM mode fiber laser has 114.9 MHz repetition rate, 60 fs half-height full pulse width, and 100 nm 10 dB bandwidth. Compared with the reported schemes, our scheme has good performance in key parameters such as repetition rate, pulse width and spectral width. We believe that the OAM mode fiber laser with excellent performance is expected to be widely used in OAM communication, particle manipulation and other research fields.
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图 1 模式耦合器示意图. SMF, 单模光纤; FMF, 少模光纤; RCF, 环芯光纤
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the mode coupler. SMF, single mode fiber, FMF, few mode fiber; RCF, ring core fiber.
图 2 模式耦合器仿真图 (a), (b) 单模光纤中基模与特种光纤中的LP11模式和LP21模式之间能量分布随耦合长度z的变化; (c)—(e) LP11模式耦合器的模场分布图在半个耦合周期内的变化; (f)—(h) LP21模式耦合器的模场分布图在半个耦合周期内的变化
Fig. 2. Simulation diagram of mode coupler: (a), (b) Change of energy distribution with coupling length z between fundamental mode in single-mode fiber and LP11 mode and LP21 mode in special fiber; (c)–(e) change of mode field distribution of LP11 mode coupler during a coupling period; (f)–(h) change of the mode field distribution of the LP21 mode coupler during a coupling period.
图 3 (a) LP11模式耦合器的相位匹配图; (b) LP21模式耦合器的相位匹配图
Fig. 3. (a) Phase-matching diagram of the LP11 mode coupler; (b) phase-matching diagram of the LP21 mode coupler.
图 4 (a) LP11模式耦合器中LP11模式与基模相对功率比随波长的变化; (b) LP21模式耦合器中LP21模式与基模相对功率随波长的变化
Fig. 4. (a) Relative power of LP11 mode to fundamental mode in LP11 mode coupler varies with wavelength; (b) relative power of LP21 mode to fundamental mode in LP21 mode coupler varies with wavelength.
图 5 一阶OAM模式锁模激光器以及检测装置. OIM, 光学集成模块; EDF, 掺铒光纤; DSF, 色散位移光纤; SMF, 单模光纤; MSC, 模式选择耦合器; PC, 偏振控制器; ESA, 电谱仪; OSA, 光谱仪; OSC, 示波器; SLM, 空间光调制器; Obj, 物镜; Pol, 偏振器; HWP, 半波片; CCD, 电荷耦合元件
Fig. 5. First-order OAM mode-locked laser and detector. OIM, optical integrated module, EDF, erbium-doped fiber; DSF, dispersion-shifted fiber; SMF, single-mode fiber; MSC, mode-selective coupler; PC, polarization controller; ESA, electrical spectrum analyzer; OSA, optical spectrum analyzer; OSC, oscilloscope; SLM, spatial light modulator; Obj, objective; POL, polarizer; HWP, half-wave plate; CCD, charge-coupled device.
图 6 一阶OAM模式锁模激光器的指标检测 (a) 激光器输出光谱; (b) 电谱仪测量下的频率成分; (c) 激光器输出锁模脉冲序列; (d) 自相关仪测量的洛伦兹拟合脉冲
Fig. 6. Target detection of the first-order OAM mode-locked laser: (a) Output optical spectrum of laser; (b) frequency component measured by electrical spectrum analyzer; (c) output mode-locked pulse sequence of laser; (d) Lorentz mode-locked pulse measured by autocorrelator.
图 7 二阶OAM模式锁模激光器. OIM, 光学集成模块; EDF, 掺铒光纤; DSF, 色散位移光纤; SMF, 单模光纤; MSC, 模式选择耦合器; PC, 偏振控制器
Fig. 7. Second-order OAM mode-locked laser and detector. OIM, optical integrated module; EDF, erbium-doped fiber; DSF, dispersion-shifted fiber; SMF, single-mode fiber; MSC, mode-selective coupler; PC, polarization controller.
图 8 二阶OAM模式锁模激光器的指标检测 (a) 激光器输出光谱; (b) 电谱仪测量下的频率成分; (c) 激光器输出锁模脉冲序列; (d) 自相关仪检测的洛伦兹拟合脉冲
Fig. 8. Target detection of the second-order OAM mode-locked laser: (a) Output optical spectrum of laser; (b) frequency component measured by electrical spectrum analyzer; (c) output mode-locked pulse sequence of laser; (d) Lorentz fitting pulse measured by autocorrelator.
图 9 (a) 一阶OAM模式激光器输出功率与泵浦功率之间的函数关系; (b) 二阶OAM模式激光器输出功率与泵浦功率之间的函数关系
Fig. 9. (a) Functional relationship between the output power of the first-order OAM-mode laser and the pump power; (b) functional relationship between the output power of the second-order OAM-mode laser and the pump power.
图 10 一阶和二阶模式激光器输出模场 (a) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{even}}}$模式; (b) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{odd}}}$模式; (c) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{even}}} $模式; (d) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{odd}}}$模式; (e) OAM–1模式; (f) OAM+1模式; (g) OAM–2模式; (h) OAM+2模式; (i)—(l) 分别代表着图(e)—(h)经过空间光调制器上加载的柱透镜相位调制后衍射的模场
Fig. 10. Output mode fields of first-order mode and second-order mode laser: (a) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{even}}}$ mode; (b) ${\text{LP}}_{11}^{{\text{odd}}}$mode; (c) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{even}}}$mode; (d) ${\text{LP}}_{21}^{{\text{odd}}}$mode; (e) OAM–1 mode; (f) OAM+1 mode; (g) OAM–2 mode; (h) OAM+2 mode; (i)–(l) represent the mode fields of panels (e)–(h) diffracted by the spatial light modulator loading phase of the cylindrical lens.
表 1 当前其他激光器性能和指标与本文激光器的比较
Table 1. Performance and index of other lasers are compared with the laser in this paper.
参考文献/
模式耦合器工作机制 重复频率 中心波长/nm 输出光谱
宽度/nm输出脉宽 输出功率 模式 [31]/OSS 锁模 13.6 MHz 1550.5 0.34 6.87 ps — TE01, TM01 [27]/FBT 锁模 36.1 MHz 1547.4 56.5 273 fs 5.6 mW OAM±1 1545.0 67.6 140 fs OAM±2 [32]/FBT 锁模 26 MHz 1045.0 14 — 75 mW LP11 15.5 65 mW LP21 18 16 mW LP02 [33]/LPFG 锁模 9.83 MHz 1030.0 5 168 ps 15 mW CVB [34]/LPFG QSW 30.7 kHz 1548.2 0.4 5.2 μs 1.3 μW OAM±3 [35]/FBG 锁模 10.16 MHz 1549.4 0.08 52.87 ps 17.16 mW OAM0,
OAM±1[36]/AIFG 锁模 4.835 MHz 1532.9 <0.1 400 ps 30 mW OAM±1 [37]/AIFG 锁模 25 MHz 1560.0 10 384 fs — OAM±1 [38]/Space 锁模 33 MHz 1030.0 18 87 fs 108 mW OAM±1 本文/FBT 锁模 114 MHz 1550.0 101
10098 fs 40 mW OAM±1 115 MHz 100 60 fs 4 mW OAM±2 
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[1] Allen L, Beijersbergen M W, Spreeuw R J C, Woerdman J P 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 8185
Google Scholar
[2] Wen Y, Chremmos I, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yu S 2020 Optica 7 254
Google Scholar
[3] Leach J, Jack B, Romero J, Jha A K, Yao A M, Frank-Arnold S, Ireland D G, Boyd R W, Barnett S M, Padgett M J 2010 Science 329 662
Google Scholar
[4] Grier D 2003 Nature 424 810
Google Scholar
[5] Beijersbergen M W, Coerwinkel R P C, Kristensen M, Woerdman J P 1994 Opt. Commun. 112 321
Google Scholar
[6] Poynting J H 1909 Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 82 560
Google Scholar
[7] Marrucci L, Karimi E, Slussarenko S, Piccirillo B, Santamato E, Nagali E, Sciarrino, F 2011 J. Opt. 13 064001
Google Scholar
[8] Zhao Z, Wang J, Li S, Willner A E 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 932
Google Scholar
[9] Chen Y, Fang Z X, Ren Y X, Gong L, Lu R D 2015 Appl. Opt. 54 8030
Google Scholar
[10] Li S, Mo Q, Hu X, Du C, Wang J 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 4376
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang W, Wei K, Huang L, Mao D, Jiang B, Gao F, Zhao J 2016 Opt. Express 24 19278
Google Scholar
[12] Shao L, Liu S, Zhou M, Huang Z, Bao W, Bai Z, Wang Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 43371
Google Scholar
[13] Li Y J, Jin L, Wu H, Gao S C, Feng Y H, Li Z H 2017 IEEE Photonics J. 9 7200909
Google Scholar
[14] Han Y, Liu Y G, Wang Z, Huang W, Chen L, Zhang H W, Yang K 2018 Nanophotonics 7 287
Google Scholar
[15] Wu H, Gao S, Huang B, Feng Y, Huang X, Liu W, Li Z 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 5210
Google Scholar
[16] Detani T, Zhao H, Wang P, Suzuki T, Li H 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 949
Google Scholar
[17] He X, Tu J, Wu X, Gao S, Shen L, Hao C, Li Z 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3621
Google Scholar
[18] Pidishety S, Khudus M I M A, Gregg P, Ramachandran S, Srinivasan B, Brambilla G 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) San Jose, CA, June 5–10, 2016 pSTu1F.2
[19] Li J, Ueda K, Musha M, Zhong L, Shirakawa A 2008 Opt. Lett. 33 2686
Google Scholar
[20] Lin D, Xia K, Li J, Li R, Ueda K, Li G, Li X 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2290
Google Scholar
[21] Lin D, Xia K, Li R, Li X, Li G, Ueda K, Li J 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 3574
Google Scholar
[22] Gui L, Wang C, Ding F, Chen H, Xiao X, Bozhevolnyi S, Zhang X, Xu K 2023 ACS Photonics 10 623
[23] Zhou N, Liu J, Wang J 2018 Sci. Rep. 8 11394
Google Scholar
[24] Zhao Y, Wang T, Mao C, Yan Z, Liu Y, Wang T 2018 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30 752
Google Scholar
[25] Toyoda K, Miyamoto K, Aoki N, Morita R, Omatsu T 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3645
Google Scholar
[26] Zhang Z, Wei W, Tang L, Yang J, Guo J, Ding L, Li Y 2018 Chin. Opt. Lett. 16 110501
Google Scholar
[27] Wang T, Wang F, Shi F, Pang F, Huang S, Wang T, Zeng X 2017 J. Lightwave Technol. 35 2161
Google Scholar
[28] Deng D, Zhan L, Gu Z, Gu Y, Xia Y 2009 Opt. Express 17 4284
Google Scholar
[29] Park K, Song K, Kim Y, Lee J, Kim B 2016 Opt. Express 24 3543
Google Scholar
[30] Zhou H, Dong J, Wang J, Li S, Cai X, Yu S, Zhang X 2017 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29 86
Google Scholar
[31] Mao D, Feng T, Zhang W, Lu H, Jiang Y, Li P, Jiang B, Sun Z, Zhao J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 021107
Google Scholar
[32] Huang Y, Shi F, Wang T, Liu X, Zeng X, Pang F, Wang T, Zhou P 2018 Opt. Express 26 19171
Google Scholar
[33] Tao R, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao P, Xu L, Gu C, Zhan Q 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 123 105945
Google Scholar
[34] Xiao R, Tu J, Li Wei, Gao S, Wen T, Du C, Zhou J, Zhang B, Liu W, Li Z 2022 Opt. Express 30 12605
Google Scholar
[35] Jiang X, Yao J, Zhang S, Wang A, Zhan Q 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 121 131101
Google Scholar
[36] Zhang W, Wei K, Mao D, Wang H, Gao F, Huang L, Mei T, Zhao J 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 454
Google Scholar
[37] Lu J, Shi F, Meng L, Zhang L, Teng L, Luo Z, Yan P, Pang F, Zeng X 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1203
Google Scholar
[38] Hu H, Chen Z, Cao Q, Zhan Q 2023 IEEE Photonics J. 15 1
Google Scholar
[39] Xue X, Jiang Q, Pang F, Wen J, Chen W, Zeng X, Zhang L, Wei H, Wang T 2023 Opt. Express 31 24623
Google Scholar
[40] Fu S, Zhai Y, Zhang J, Liu X, Song R, Zhou H, Gao C 2022 Adv. Photonics Nexus 1 016003
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