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随着人工智能技术的飞速发展，大语言模型已经成为材料科学研究范式变革的核心驱动力。本文系统性地综述了大语言模型在材料科学全链条中的创新应用：在知识发现与挖掘领域，大语言模型凭借高效的信息检索和数据提取能力，为材料研究提供了关键起点，奠定了新范式的基础；在材料设计与实验优化方面，大语言模型通过跨尺度知识融合与智能推理，能够揭示数据间的潜在关联，在加速计算、合成设计、结构与性质预测、逆向设计等关键环节提供极具价值的解决方案，大语言模型与自动化实验平台的深度融合，实现实验流程的自然语言控制，显著提升了高通量实验的迭代效率。研究表明，大语言模型通过知识挖掘、知识推理与流程控制的三元协同，正在重塑材料研发的全流程。展望未来，随着多模态感知与可解释性增强技术的发展，大语言模型将推动材料科学研究进入新阶段。The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has transformed materials science research, with large language models (LLMs) emerging as a pivotal driver of innovation. This review explores the comprehensive role of LLMs in accelerating materials design across the entire research lifecycle, from knowledge mining to intelligent design. The study aims to highlight how LLMs can address challenges in traditional materials research, such as data fragmentation, high experimental costs, and limited reasoning capabilities, by leveraging their strengths in information retrieval, cross-modal data integration, and intelligent reasoning.
Key methodologies include the application of LLMs in knowledge discovery through techniques like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), multi-modal information retrieval, and knowledge graph construction. These approaches enable efficient extraction and structuring of materials data from vast repositories of scientific literature and experimental records. Additionally, LLMs are integrated with automated experimental platforms to optimize workflows, from natural language-driven experiment design to high-throughput iterative testing.
The results demonstrate that LLMs significantly enhance materials research efficiency and accuracy. For instance, in knowledge mining, LLMs improve information retrieval precision by up to 29.4% in tasks like predicting material synthesis conditions. In materials design, LLMs enable accelerated computational modeling, structural and property prediction, and inverse design, reducing experimental trial-and-error cycles. Notably, LLMs excel in cross-scale knowledge integration, linking material composition, processing parameters, and performance metrics to guide innovative synthesis pathways.
However, challenges persist, including the reliance on high-quality data, the "black-box" nature of LLMs, and limitations in handling complex material systems. Future directions emphasize enhancing data quality through multi-source integration, improving model explainability via visualization tools, and deepening interdisciplinary collaboration to bridge gaps between AI and domain-specific expertise.
In conclusion, LLMs are reshaping materials science by enabling data-driven, knowledge-intensive research paradigms. Their ability to integrate vast datasets, predict material properties, and automate experimental workflows positions them as indispensable tools for accelerating materials discovery and innovation. As LLMs evolve, their synergy with physical constraints and experimental platforms promises to unlock new frontiers in materials design.-
Keywords:
- Large Language Models /
- Material Design /
- Intelligent Tasks /
- Synthesis and Property Prediction
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