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反钙钛矿Li3OCl作为极具潜力的新一代固态电解质候选材料, 凭借其优异的离子传导性能与宽电化学窗口, 近年来成为材料领域的研究热点. 然而, 其光电性能的应变调控机制仍未得到充分阐释. 本研究运用第一性原理计算方法, 系统地探究双轴应变和单轴应变分别对Li3OCl材料电子结构及光学性质的调控规律. 研究发现, 相较于本征态, 施加2%单轴拉伸应变时, 材料导带底能量显著降低, 间接带隙从6.26 eV减小至6.02 eV, 光吸收边发生红移; 而2%双轴压缩应变作用下, 带隙增大至6.38 eV, 且间接带隙转变为直接带隙, 光吸收边出现蓝移现象. 通过态密度分析进一步表明, 应变会引发Li-p与O-p/Cl-p 轨道杂化程度增强, 显著优化了光激发载流子的跃迁路径. 此外, 拉伸应变致使介电函数虚部峰值红移, 消光系数起始阈值降至6.02 eV, 有效地拓宽了材料的光响应范围; 压缩应变则导致光学响应蓝移, 并增强了材料在特定能量区间的光吸收强度. 本研究揭示了应变调控晶格常数与轨道杂化来优化光电性能的微观作用机制, 为基于光-力协同策略设计高性能固态电解质提供了重要理论依据.
The lithium-rich anti-perovskite Li3OCl has emerged as an ideal candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its excellent ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, achieving ionic conductivity that meets practical application requirements remains challenging. Strain engineering and opto-ionic effects provide new approaches for optimizing the performance, but currently there is a lack of research on the quantitative regulatory mechanisms by which strain influences the electronic structure and optical properties of Li3OCl (both of which are critical for ionic transport and optoelectronic integration). In this study, first-principles calculations are performed using the HSE06 hybrid functional to systematically investigate the effects of biaxial (+2%)and uniaxial (–2%) strains - on electronic structure and optical properties of Li3OCl. In this study, it is found that strain-free Li3OCl exhibits an indirect bandgap of 6.263 eV. Biaxial tensile strain causes a significant downward shift in the energy of the conduction band minimum (Γ point), reducing the bandgap to 6.023 eV (+2% strain) and reinforcing the indirect bandgap characteristics. Biaxial compressive strain (–2%) expands the bandgap to 6.380 eV and triggers off an upward shift in the Γ-point energy level, leading to a transition from an indirect to a direct bandgap. Uniaxial strain exhibits similar trends but with a smaller regulatory magnitude than biaxial strain. The analysis of density of states shows that tensile strain reduces the Li-p state density near the conduction band minimum while enhancing the hybridization of Li-p with O-p/Cl-p orbitals, optimizing carrier transition channels. Compressive strain increases the electron state density near the Fermi level, enhancing the probability of optical transitions. In terms of optical response, tensile strain induces an overall redshift in the complex dielectric function (ε1(ω) and ε2(ω)), absorption coefficient, and extinction coefficient. Compressive strain causes a systematic blue-shift in optical parameters. Despite the expanded bandgap, the optical absorption intensity is significantly enhanced in the ultraviolet region due to the direct bandgap characteristics and the increased state density at the band edges. This study provides new ideas for studying the applications of Li3OCl in optoelectronic devices and solid-state batteries. By precisely regulating its bandgap and light absorption properties through strain engineering, Li3OCl can adapt to the excitation requirements of different wavelengths of light. For example, in light-controlled solid-state batteries, Li3OCl optimized by tensile strain has a wider light response range (red-shifted to lower energy), which can effectively utilize lower-energy photons (such as near-ultraviolet or the edge of visible light) to excite carriers. On the other hand, Li3OCl optimized by compressive strain has higher light absorption efficiency in specific ultraviolet bands, potentially increasing the concentration of carriers excited by photons in these bands. The strain-optimized Li3OCl can synergistically utilize the light field and stress field to enhance ionic conductivity. In addition, its red-shifted light absorption edge makes it promising as an ultraviolet-visible light conversion layer, expanding the range of light energy utilization. However, in practical applications, further research is needed on the synergistic mechanisms of non-uniform strain, temperature effects, and light-force coupling. Moreover, experimental verification of its interfacial stability and cycle performance is required to promote the practical application of high-performance all-solid-state batteries. -
Keywords:
- anti-perovskite /
- first-principles calculations /
- electronic structure /
- optoelectronic properties /
- biaxial/uniaxial strain
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图 2 双轴/单轴应变下Li3OCl应变能与应变之间关系
Fig. 2. The relationship between the strain energy and strain of Li3OCl under biaxial/uniaxial strain.
图 3 (a) 双轴应变和(b) 单轴应变下Li3OCl的声子色散关系
Fig. 3. Phonon dispersion relations of Li3OCl under (a) biaxial strain and (b) uniaxial strain.
图 6 (a) 双轴应变和(b) 单轴应变下Li3OCl的能带结构
Fig. 6. Energy band structure of Li3OCl under (a) biaxial strain and (b) uniaxial strain.
图 7 (a) 双轴压缩应变e = –2%时, (b) 无应变e = 0%和(c) 双轴拉伸应变e = 2%时Li3OCl总态密度和分波态密度
Fig. 7. Total density of states and partial density of states of Li3OCl under (a) –2% biaxial compressive strain, (b) no strain, and (c) 2% biaxial tensile strain.
图 8 双轴应变下Li3OCl的介电函数 (a) 介电函数实部; (b) 介电函数虚部
Fig. 8. Dielectric function of Li3OCl under biaxial strain: (a) Real part of the dielectric function; (b) imaginary part of the dielectric function.
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[1] Lü X, Wu G, Howard J W, Chen A, Zhao Y, Daemen L L, Jia Q 2014 Chem. Commun. 50 11520
Google Scholar
[2] Luo X, Li Y, Zhao X 2024 Energy Environ. Mater. 7 e12627
Google Scholar
[3] Wang Q, Liu B, Shen Y, Wu J, Zhao Z, Zhong C, Hu W 2021 Adv. Sci. 8 2101111
Google Scholar
[4] Zhu J, Li S, Zhang Y, Howard J W, Lü X, Li Y, Wang Y, Kumar R S, Wang L, Zhao Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 101904
Google Scholar
[5] 余启鹏, 刘琦, 王自强, 李宝华 2020 物理学报 69 228805
Google Scholar
Yu Q P, Liu Q, Wang Z Q, Li B H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 228805
Google Scholar
[6] Lu J, Li Y 2021 J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 32 9736
Google Scholar
[7] Wang Y, Chen D, Zhuang Y, Chen W, Long H, Chen H, Xie R 2021 Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 2100624
Google Scholar
[8] Zhao Y, Daemen L L 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15042
Google Scholar
[9] Abdulchalikova N R, Aliev A E 1995 Synth. Met. 71 1929
Google Scholar
[10] Aliev A É, Krivorotov V F, Khabibullaev P K 1997 Phys. Solid State 39 1378
Google Scholar
[11] Bachman J C, Muy S, Grimaud A, Chang H H, Pour N, Lux S F, Paschos O, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Giordano L, Shao-Horn Y 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 140
Google Scholar
[12] Tsymbalov E, Shi Z, Dao M, Suresh S, Li J, Shapeev A 2021 Npj Comput. Mater. 7 76
Google Scholar
[13] Kahlaoui S, Belhorma B, Labrim H, Boujnah M, Regragui M 2020 Heliyon 6 e03713
Google Scholar
[14] Itoh M, Inaguma Y, Jung W, Chen L, Nakamura T 1994 Solid State Ionics 70–71 203
[15] Wei J, Ogawa D, Fukumura T, Hirose Y, Hasegawa T 2015 Cryst. Growth Des. 15 2187
Google Scholar
[16] Shen H, Wang Q, Chen Z, Rong C, Chao D 2023 Materials 16 4266
Google Scholar
[17] Li F, Li J, Zhu F, Liu T, Xu B, Kim T H, Kramer M J, Ma C, Zhou L, Nan C W 2019 Matter 1 1001
Google Scholar
[18] Zuo X, Zhu J, Müller-Buschbaum P, Cheng Y J 2017 Nano Energy 31 113
Google Scholar
[19] Tippens J, Miers J C, Afshar A, Lewis J A, Cortes F J Q, Qiao H, Marchese T S, Di Leo C V, Saldana C, McDowell M T 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1475
Google Scholar
[20] Defferriere T, Klotz D, Gonzalez-Rosillo J C, Rupp J L M, Tuller H L 2022 Nat. Mater. 21 438
Google Scholar
[21] Wu M, Xu B, Lei X, Huang K, Ouyang C 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 1150
Google Scholar
[22] Emly A, Kioupakis E, Van Der Ven A 2013 Chem. Mater. 25 4663
Google Scholar
[23] Pegolo P, Baroni S, Grasselli F 2022 Npj Comput. Mater. 8 24
Google Scholar
[24] Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 Comput. Mater. Sci. 6 15
Google Scholar
[25] Kresse G, Furthmüller J, Hafner J 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 13181
Google Scholar
[26] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[27] Monkhorst H J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
Google Scholar
[28] Heyd J, Scuseria G E, Ernzerhof M 2003 J. Chem. Phys. 118 8207
Google Scholar
[29] Krukau A V, Vydrov O A, Izmaylov A F, Scuseria G E 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 125 224106
Google Scholar
[30] Paier J, Marsman M, Hummer K, Kresse G, Gerber I C, Ángyán J G 2006 J. Chem. Phys. 124 154709
Google Scholar
[31] Qin H, Zuo Y, Jin J, Wang W, Xu Y, Cui L, Dang H 2019 RSC Adv. 9 24483
Google Scholar
[32] Li L, Guo X, Lu X, Ren J, La P 2023 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 154 107189
Google Scholar
[33] Tignon J, Voisin P, Delalande C, Voos M, Houdré R, Oesterle U, Stanley R P 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3967
Google Scholar
[34] Silveirinha M G 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 165119
Google Scholar
[35] Ou Y, Hou W, Zhu D, Li C, Zhou P, Song X, Xia Y, Lu Y, Yan S, Zhou H, Cao Q, Zhou H, Liu H, Ma X, Liu Z, Xu H, Liu K 2025 Energy Environ. Sci. 18 1464
Google Scholar
[36] Xiao Y, Miara L J, Wang Y, Ceder G 2019 Joule 3 1252
Google Scholar
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