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Dislocation densities of two hydride vapor phase epitaxy-grown hexagonal GaN samples, which are Si doped and unintentionally doped respectively, are determined by triple-axis X-ray diffractometry and van der Pauw variable temperature Hall-effect measurement. The dislocation densities of these two samples should be at the same level from the X-ray testing, the -FWHM (full width at half maximum) values of all corresponding reflections for these two samples are almost the same. But from the Hall-effect measurements, the dislocation density values should be different from each other remarkably, because the unintentionally doped sample belongs to Mott transition material, while the Si-doped one does not. This fact indicates that the X-ray testing is perhaps inaccurate under some conditions, although the triple-axis X-ray diffractometry is a highly suitable technique for discriminating different kinds of structural defects such as edge and screw dislocations that lead to characteristic broadening of symmetric and asymmetric Bragg reflection. The experimental result obtained so far (say, for hot-electron bolometer) shows that the dislocation density value from mobility fitting model is in good accordance with that from -FWHM fitting using Srikant method. The anomaly that the dislocation density from -FWHM fitting is much lower than that from mobility fitting for the same sample (sample 59#), indicates that dislocations located in grain boundary may not be tested by triple-axis X-ray diffractometry. According to mosaic model, the layer is assumed to consist of single crystallites, called mosaic blocks, which are assumed to be slightly misoriented with respect to each other. The out-of-plane rotation of the block perpendicular to the surface normal is of the mosaic tilt, and the in-plane rotation around the surface normal is of the mosaic twist. The average absolute values of tilt and twist angles are directly related to the FWHM values of the corresponding distributions of crystallographic orientations. So, the X-ray testing can determine the average orientation of the grains with the same interplanar distance, excluding the information about the grain boundary at which X-ray cannot interfere because of disdortion of lattice. The experimental results and calculation analyses indicate that the dislocation density value from Srikant model is accurate when the ratio of twist angle to tilt angle exceeds 2.0, or the magnitude of the lateral coherence length is larger than 1.5 m.
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Keywords:
- gallium nitride /
- high-resolution triple-axis X-ray diffraction /
- dislocation density /
- grain boundary
[1] Sugiura L 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1317
[2] Li S, Fang Z, Chen H, Li J, Chen X, Yuan X 2006 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 9 371
[3] Li D S, Chen H, Yu H B, Jia H Q, Huang Q, Zhou J M 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 1111
[4] Pomarico A A, Huang D, Dickinson J, Baski A A, Cingolani R, Morko H 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 1890
[5] Li C R, Mai Z H, Hatton P D, Du C H 1993 Acta Phys. Sin. 42 1479 (in Chinese) [李超荣, 麦振洪, Hatton P D, Du C H 1993 物理学报 42 1479]
[6] Srikant V, Speck J S, Clarke D R 1997 J. Appl. Phys. 82 4286
[7] Williamson G K, Hall W H 1953 Acta Metall. 1 22
[8] Metzger T, Hopler R, Born E, Ambacher O, Stutzmann M, Stommer R, Schuster M, Gobel H, Christiansen S, Albrecht M, Strunk H P 1998 Philos. Mag. A 77 1013
[9] Xie Z L, Zhou Y J, Song L H, Liu B, Hua X M, Xiu X Q, Zhang R, Zheng Y D 2010 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 53 68
[10] Ivantsov V, Volkova A 2012 ISRN Condens. Matter Phys. 2012 184023
[11] Chierchia R, Bttcher T, Heinke H, Einfeldt S, Figge S, Hommel D 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 8918
[12] Pandey A, Yadav B S, Rao D V S, Kaur D, Kapoor A K 2016 Appl. Phys. A 122 614
[13] Safriuk N V, Stanchu G V, Kuchuk A V, Kladko V P, Belyaev A E, Machulin V F 2013 Semicond. Phys., Quantum Electron. Optoelectron. 16 265
[14] He J S, Zhang M, Pan H Q, Zou J J, Qi W J, Li P 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 067201 (in Chinese) [何菊生, 张萌, 潘华清, 邹继军, 齐维靖, 李平 2017 物理学报 66 067201]
[15] He J S, Zhang M, Pan H Q, Qi W J, Li P 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 167201 (in Chinese) [何菊生, 张萌, 潘华清, 齐维靖, 李平 2016 物理学报 65 167201]
[16] Moram M A, Vickers M E, Kappers M J, Humphreys C J 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 093528
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[1] Sugiura L 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1317
[2] Li S, Fang Z, Chen H, Li J, Chen X, Yuan X 2006 Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 9 371
[3] Li D S, Chen H, Yu H B, Jia H Q, Huang Q, Zhou J M 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 1111
[4] Pomarico A A, Huang D, Dickinson J, Baski A A, Cingolani R, Morko H 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 1890
[5] Li C R, Mai Z H, Hatton P D, Du C H 1993 Acta Phys. Sin. 42 1479 (in Chinese) [李超荣, 麦振洪, Hatton P D, Du C H 1993 物理学报 42 1479]
[6] Srikant V, Speck J S, Clarke D R 1997 J. Appl. Phys. 82 4286
[7] Williamson G K, Hall W H 1953 Acta Metall. 1 22
[8] Metzger T, Hopler R, Born E, Ambacher O, Stutzmann M, Stommer R, Schuster M, Gobel H, Christiansen S, Albrecht M, Strunk H P 1998 Philos. Mag. A 77 1013
[9] Xie Z L, Zhou Y J, Song L H, Liu B, Hua X M, Xiu X Q, Zhang R, Zheng Y D 2010 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 53 68
[10] Ivantsov V, Volkova A 2012 ISRN Condens. Matter Phys. 2012 184023
[11] Chierchia R, Bttcher T, Heinke H, Einfeldt S, Figge S, Hommel D 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 8918
[12] Pandey A, Yadav B S, Rao D V S, Kaur D, Kapoor A K 2016 Appl. Phys. A 122 614
[13] Safriuk N V, Stanchu G V, Kuchuk A V, Kladko V P, Belyaev A E, Machulin V F 2013 Semicond. Phys., Quantum Electron. Optoelectron. 16 265
[14] He J S, Zhang M, Pan H Q, Zou J J, Qi W J, Li P 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 067201 (in Chinese) [何菊生, 张萌, 潘华清, 邹继军, 齐维靖, 李平 2017 物理学报 66 067201]
[15] He J S, Zhang M, Pan H Q, Qi W J, Li P 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 167201 (in Chinese) [何菊生, 张萌, 潘华清, 齐维靖, 李平 2016 物理学报 65 167201]
[16] Moram M A, Vickers M E, Kappers M J, Humphreys C J 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 093528
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