Skyrmions in magnetic thin film heterostructures

Li Wen-Jing; Guang Yao; Yu Guo-Qiang; Wan Cai-Hua; Feng Jia-Feng; Han Xiu-Feng

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180549

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmion is expected to function as an ideal information carrier for ultra-high density magnetic storage and logic functional device in the future due to its superior properties, such as topological protection, small size, and low driving current density for motion. In order to meet the basic requirements for writing and reading information in devices, one needs to be able to accurately generate, manipulate, and probe skyrmion at room temperature. Given that the history and latest developments of the skyrmion research will be reviewed comprehensively in other articles, in order to avoid repetition, in this article we briefly review a series of recent research advances we have made in magnetic multilayer materials in recent years, and discuss the advantages of relevant device applications and problems that need to be solved. They are included in three aspects as follows. 1) The room temperature skyrmion was observed in a wedge film Ta (5 nm)/Co20Fe60B20 (CoFeB) (1 nm)/Ta (t)/MgO (2 nm)/Ta (2 nm) by a polar magneto-optical Kerr microscope. Results showed that skyrmion can be created at room temperature by controlling the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of magnetic thin film. In the following, we designed a thin film heterojunction containing an antiferromagnetic layer IrMn. The introduction of antiferromagnetic material can produce an exchange bias field in the magnetic layer, which can play the same role as an external magnetic field, making it possible to realize zero-field skyrmion. In this study, we have successfully observed a stable skyrmion at room temperature and zero magnetic field. 2) The spin-orbit torque generated by the current proved to be able to be used to manipulate the created skyrmion. In the fourth part of this review, we discuss the dynamic process of skyrmion driven by spin-orbit torque in IrMn/CoFeB heterojunctions, and the chirality of skyrmion can be deduced by the direction of its longitudinal motion driven by an applied current. Finally, a principle device based on the skyrmion is further fabricated. In this device, a set of binary data was recorded in the track in the presence and absence of skyrmion. Generating and manipulating numbers of skyrmions were realized by using a series of pulse currents with different amplitudes and widths. The detection of a skyrmion can be achieved by using a magnetic tunnel junction at the right end of the device. 3) The advantages of skyrmion as a storage device and the problems that need to be solved for practical applications were discussed.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding author: Yu Guo-Qiang, guoqiangyu@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Science Foundation Ireland International Partnership Program (Grant No. 51861135104), Youth 1000 Plan, the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0206200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11434014, 51620105004, 11174341, 51701203), the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB07030200), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH016), and the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Grant No. 112111KYSB20170090).

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Cited By

[1]	Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2013 Nat. Nanotech. 8 899
[2]	Fert A, Cros V, Sampaio J 2013 Nat. Nanotech. 8 152
[3]	Fert A, Reyren N, Cros V 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 17031
[4]	Jiang W, Chen G, Liu K, Zang J, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2017 Sci. Rep. 704 1
[5]	Upadhyaya P, Yu G, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 134411
[6]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Zhang W Z, Nagai T, Hara T, Kimoto K, Matsui Y, Onose Y, Tokura Y 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 988
[7]	Sampaio J, Cros V, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Fert A 2013 Nat. Nanotech. 8 839
[8]	Tomasello R, Martinez E, Zivieri R, Torres L, Carpentieri M, Finocchio G 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 6784
[9]	Sun L, Cao R, Miao B, Feng Z, You B, Wu D, Zhang W, Hu A, Ding H 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 167201
[10]	Zhou Y, Ezawa M 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4652
[11]	Iwasaki J, Mochizuki M, Nagaosa N 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 742
[12]	Zhang X, Zhao G P, Fangohr H, Liu J P, Xia W X, Xia J, Morvan F J 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 7643
[13]	Zhang X, Ezawa M, Zhou Y 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 9400
[14]	Huang Y Q, Kang W, Zhang X C, Zhou Y, Zhao W S 2017 Nanotechnology 28 08LT02
[15]	Luo S, Song M, Li X, Zhang Y, Hong J, Yang X, Zou X, Xu N, You L 2018 Nano Lett. 18 1180
[16]	Wang C J, Xiao D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Liu Y W 2017 New J. Phys. 19 083008
[17]	Zhang S F, Wang J B, Zheng Q, Zhu Q Y, Liu X Y, Chen S J, Jin C D, Liu Q F, Jia C L, Xue D S 2015 New J. Phys. 17 023061
[18]	Dai Y Y, Wang H, Tao P, Yang T, Ren W J, Zhang Z D 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 054403
[19]	Rler U K, Bogdanov A N, Pfleiderer C 2006 Nature 442 797
[20]	Emori S, Bauer U, Ahn S M, Martinez E, Beach G S D 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 611
[21]	Ryu K S, Thomas L, Yang S H, Parkin S 2013 Nat. Nanotech. 8 527
[22]	Chen G, Zhu J, Quesada A, Li J, N'Diaye A, Huo Y, Ma T, Chen Y, Kwon H, Won C, Qiu Z, Schmid A, Wu Y 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 77204
[23]	Pappas C, Lelivre-Berna E, Falus P, Bentley P M, Moskvin E, Grigoriev S, Fouquet P, Farago B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 197202
[24]	Neubauer A, Pfleiderer C, Binz B, Rosch A, Ritz R, Niklowitz P G, Bni P 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 186602
[25]	Mhlbauer S, Binz B, Jonietz F, Pfleiderer C, Rosch A, Neubauer A, Georgii R, Bni P 2009 Science 323 915
[26]	Yu X Z, Onose Y, Kanazawa N, Park J H, Han J H, Matsui Y, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y 2010 Nature 465 901
[27]	Mnzer W, Neubauer A, Adams T, Mhlbauer S, Franz C, Jonietz F, Georgii R, Bni P, Pedersen B, Schmidt M, Rosch A, Pfleiderer C 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 041203
[28]	Yu X Z, Kanazawa N, Onose Y, Kimoto K, Zhang W Z, Ishiwata S, Matsui Y, Tokura Y 2010 Nature Mater. 10 106
[29]	Wang C, Du H, Zhao X, Jin C, Tian M, Zhang Y, Che R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2921
[30]	Du H, Che R, Kong L, Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Yang J, Ning W, Li R, Jin C, Chen X, Zang J, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8504
[31]	Seki S, Yu X Z, Ishiwata S, Tokura Y 2012 Science 336 198
[32]	Adams T, Chacon A, Wagner M, Bauer A, Brandl G, Pedersen B, Berger H, Lemmens P, Pfleiderer C 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 237204
[33]	Seki S, Ishiwata S, Tokura Y 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 06403
[34]	Wang W H, Zhang Y, Xu G Z, Peng L C, Ding B, Wang Y, Hou Z P, Zhang X M, Li X Y, Liu E K, Wang S G, Cai J W, Wang F W, Li J Q, Hu F X, Wu G H, Shen B G, Zhang X X 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 6887
[35]	Peng L C, Zhag Y, Wang W H, He M, Li L L, Ding B, Li J Q, Sun Y, Zhang X G, Cai J W, Wang S G, Wu G H, Shen B G 2017 Nano Lett. 17 7075
[36]	Heinze S, von Bergmann K, Menzel M, Brede J, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R, Bihlmayer G, Blgel S 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 713
[37]	Romming N, Hanneken C, Menzel M, Bickel J E, Wolter B, von Bergmann K, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R 2013 Science 341 636
[38]	Jiang W, Upadhyaya P, Zhang W, Yu G, Jungfleisch M B, Fradin F Y, Pearson J E, Tserkovnyak Y, Wang K L, Heinonen O, te Velthuis S G E, Hoffmann A 2015 Science 349 283
[39]	Jiang W, Zhang X, Yu G, Zhang W, Wang X, Benjamin Jungfleisch M, Pearson John E, Cheng X, Heinonen O, Wang K L, Zhou Y, Hoffmann A, te Velthuis Suzanne G E 2016 Nat. Phys. 13 162
[40]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Shao Q, Wu H, Yin G, Li X, He C, Jiang W, Han X, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2016 Nano Lett. 17 261
[41]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Li X, Li W, Kim S K, Fan Y, Wong K L, Tserkovnyak Y, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1981
[42]	Legrand W, Maccariello D, Reyren N, Garcia K, Moutafis C, Moreau-Luchaire C, Collin S, Bouzehouane K, Cros V, Fert A 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2703
[43]	Pulecio J F, Hrabec A, Zeissler K, Zhu Y, Marrows C H 2016 arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.00209
[44]	Pulecio J F, Hrabec A, Zeissler K, White R M, Zhu Y, Marrows C H 2016 arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.06869
[45]	Soumyanarayanan A, Raju M, Gonzalez Oyarce A L, Tan A K C, Im M Y, Petrović A P, Ho P, Khoo K H, Tran M, Gan C K, Ernult F, Panagopoulos C 2017 Nature Mater. 16 898
[46]	He M, Peng L C, Zhu Z Z, Li G, Cai J W, Li J Q, Wei H X, Gu L, Wang S G, Zhao T Y, Shen B G, Zhang Y 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 202403
[47]	Yang H, Thiaville A, Rohart S, Fert A, Chshiev M 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 267210
[48]	Hrabec A, Porter N, Wells A, Benitez M, Burnell G, McVitie S, McGrouther D, Moore T, Marrows C 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 020402
[49]	Nembach H, Shaw J, Weiler M, Jue E, Silva T 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 825
[50]	Di K, Zhang V, Lim H, Ng S, Kuok M, Yu J, Yoon J, Qiu X, Yang H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 047201
[51]	Heide M, Bihlmayer G, Blugel S 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 140403
[52]	Chauleau J Y, Legrand W, Reyren N, Maccariello D, Collin S, Popescu H, Bouzehouane K, Cros V, Jaouen N, Fert A 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 037202
[53]	Heinze S, von Bergmann K, Menzel M, Brede J, Kubetzka A, Wiesendanger R, Bihlmayer G, Blugel S 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 713
[54]	Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Martinez L J, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Diez L H, Garcia K, Adam J P, Kim J V, Roch J F, Miron I M, Gaudin G, Vila L, Ocker B, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6733
[55]	Chen G, Kang S P, Ophus C, N'Diaye A, Diaye A T, Kwon H Y, Qiu R T, Won C, Liu K, Wu Y Z, Schmid A K 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15302
[56]	Pollard S, Garlow J, Yu J, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Yang H 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 14761
[57]	Korner H S, Stigloher J, Bauer H G, Hata H, Taniguchi T, Moriyama T, Ono T, Back C H 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 220413
[58]	Belmeguenai M, Adam J P, Roussigne Y, Eimer S, Devolder T, Kim J V, Cherif S M, Stashkevich A, Thiaville A 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 180405
[59]	Yu G, Upadhyaya P, Wong K L, Jiang W, Alzate J G, Tang J, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 104421
[60]	Ma X, Yu G, Li X, Wang T, Wu D, Olsson K S, Chu Z, An K, Xiao J Q, Wang K L, Li X 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 180408
[61]	Ma X, Yu G, Razavi S A, Sasaki S S, Li X, Hao K, Tolbert S H, Wang K L, Li X 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 027202
[62]	Ma X, Yu G, Tang C, Li X, He C, Shi J, Wang K L, Li X 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 157204
[63]	Yu G, Wang Z, Abolfath-Beygi M, He C, Li X, Wong K L, Nordeen P, Wu H, Carman G P, Han X, Alhomoudi I A, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 072402
[64]	Dieny B, Chshiev M 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 025008
[65]	Upadhyaya P, Yu G, Amiri P, Wang K 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 134411
[66]	Yu G, Jenkins A, Ma X, Razavi S A, He C, Yin G, Shao Q, He Q l, Wu H, Li W, Jiang W, Han X, Li X E, Bleszynski Jayich A C, Amiri P K, Wang K L 2017 Nano Lett. 18 980
[67]	Wu D, Yu G, Chen C, Razavi S, Shao Q, Li X, Zhao B, Wong K, He C, Zhang Z, Amiri P, Wang K 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 222401
[68]	Zhang W, Jungfleisch M, Jiang W, Pearson J, Hoffmann A, Freimuth F, Mokrousov Y 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 196602

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Vol. 67, Issue 13 - 2018-07-05

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