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Traditionally, electrical noise is considered as an interference source for low level measurements. Shot noise is the current fluctuation caused by the discreteness of electrons. In a mesoscopic system, shot noise is sensitive to the interaction of charge carriers. Since the 20th century, it has been found that the shot noise measurement can provide the information about quantum fluctuations, which cannot be measured with traditional transport measurement method. It is usually difficult to measure weak noise signal at ultra- low temperature due to technical difficulties. It is necessary to mount a cryogenic preamplifier close to the sample to improve signal-to-noise ratio and to increase the bandwidth. Therefore, the ultra-low background noise and the power consumption of the amplifier should be used. In this report we present a shot noise measurement system at dilution refrigerator temperatures. We also introduce and analyze the noise model of our shot noise measurement system. With customized high electron mobility transistors, we make a series of ultra-low noise cryogenic preamplifiers. All the electronic components of the amplifier are packed into a shielding box, which makes the installation of the cryogenic amplifier more convenient. The amplifier is mounted on the 4 K stage of a dry dilution refrigerator and the total power consumption is less than 0.754 mW. The gains and the background noises of the amplifiers are calibrated with the Johnson-Nyquist noise of the combination of a superconducting resistor and a normal resistor at various temperatures. The measured input referred noise voltage can be as low as 0.25 nV/√Hz. In this report, the performance of the system is demonstrated by the shot noise measurement of an Al/AlOx/Al tunnel junction at various temperatures. Above the superconducting transition temperature of aluminum, the measured Fano factor of the system is very close to 1, which is in a good agreement with the theory prediction.
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Keywords:
- dilution refrigerator /
- low noise amplifier /
- shot noise /
- tunneling junction
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[7] Beenakker C W J, Büttiker M 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 1889
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[8] Reznikov M, Heiblum M, Shtrikman H, Mahalu D 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3340
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[9] Kumar A, Saminadayar L, Glattli D C 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2778
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图 1 低温低噪声放大器的电路图(a)和实物图(b)
Figure 1. Circuit diagram (a) and picture (b) of a cryogenic low noise amplifier.
图 2 (a)低温放大器增益-频率曲线; (b)低温放大器等效输入电压噪声
Figure 2. (a) Gain of the cryogenic amplifier with frequency; (b) equivalent input voltage noise of the cryogenic amplifier.
图 3 牛津干式稀释制冷机Triton200散粒噪声测量系统(LC谐振中心频率为765 kHz)
Figure 3. Shot noise measurement system of Oxford dry dilution refrigerator Triton200(Center frequency of LC resonance circuit is 765 kHz).
图 4 测量系统交流噪声模型
Figure 4. Circuit AC noise model used for measurement system.
图 5 (a) 10 kΩ TaN电阻随温度变化; (b) TaN电阻与镍铬金属膜电阻构成的网络的热噪声测量的示意图
Figure 5. (a) Resistance of 10 kΩ TaN resistor as a function of temperature; (b) schematic diagram of thermal noise measurement of a network composed of TaN resistor and nickel chromium metal film.
图 6 r = 10, 20 kΩ时PSD随着温度的变化
Figure 6. Variation of PSD with temperature when r = 10, 20 kΩ.
图 7 4 K温度下, Al-AlOx-Al隧道结的dV/dI随着直流偏置I的变化(内嵌图为隧道结SEM图)
Figure 7. Differential resistance of an Al-AlOx-Al tunneling junction as a function of DC current I at 4 K(Inset: SEM image of a tunneling junction).
图 8 (a) 4 K温度下, 输出的PSD随着频率f以及直流电流I的变化; (b)不同温度下, 中心频率765 kHz处输出的PSD随着直流电流I的变化
Figure 8. (a) Variation of PSD with frequency f and DC current I at 4 K; (b) variation of PSD at 765 kHz with DC current I at different temperatures.
图 9 不同温度下, Al–AlOx–Al隧道结的散粒噪声Si随直流电流I的变化及拟合曲线
Figure 9. Shot noise Si of Al–AlOx–Al tunneling junction with DC current I at different temperatures and fitting curves.
图 10 (a) 20 mK下, Al–AlOx–Al的微分电阻dV/dI随着直流偏置I的变化以及V–I曲线; (b) 20 mK下, Al–AlOx–Al的Fano因子F随着直流偏置I的变化
Figure 10. (a) Differential resistance dV/dI of Al–AlOx–Al junction vs. DC current I at 20 mK and V-I curve at 20 mK; (b) fano factor F of Al–AlOx–Al junction vs. DC current I at 20 mK.
表 1 不同课题组及公司的低温放大器功耗和本底电压噪声对比
Table 1. Comparison of power consumption and background noises of different cryogenic amplifiers made by different groups and companies.
DownLoad: CSV
表 2 不同架构的低温放大器参数对比
Table 2. Comparison of our home-made cryogenic amplifiers.
放大器架构 HEMT类型 增益/倍 功耗/mW 带宽 1/f噪声的拐角 等效输入电压噪声/nV·Hz–1/2 共源极 + 源极跟随 ATF33143 15.8 3.568 10 Hz—20 MHz 300 kHz 0.45 共源极 定制* 10 0.754 10 Hz—1 MHz 3 kHz 0.25 共源共栅 + 源极跟随 定制* 25 3 500 Hz—20 MHz 30 kHz 0.17 注: *表示由法国国家科学院纳米科学与技术中心金勇课题组提供的HEMT
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表 3 不同温度下, 拟合得到的Fano因子
Table 3. Fano factors are obtained by fitting the test data at different temperature.
T/K 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 F 0.94827 0.95085 0.95115 0.98194 0.97113 0.99088 0.96408
DownLoad: CSV
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[1] Landauer R 1998 Nature 392 658
Google Scholar
[2] Schottky W 1918 Ann. Phys. 57 541
[3] Beenakker C, Schönenberger C 2003 Phys. Today 56 37
[4] Blanter Y M, Büttiker M 2000 Phys. Rep. 336 1
Google Scholar
[5] Lesovik G B 1989 JETP Lett. 49 513
[6] Buttiker M 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 2901
Google Scholar
[7] Beenakker C W J, Büttiker M 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 1889
Google Scholar
[8] Reznikov M, Heiblum M, Shtrikman H, Mahalu D 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 3340
Google Scholar
[9] Kumar A, Saminadayar L, Glattli D C 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2778
Google Scholar
[10] Picciotto R D, Reznikov M, Heiblum M, Umansky V, Bunin G, Mahalu D 1997 Nature 389 162
Google Scholar
[11] Saminadayar L, Glattli D C, Jin Y, Etienne B 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2526
Google Scholar
[12] Reznikov M, de Picciotto R, Griffiths T G, Heiblum M, Umansky V 1999 Nature 399 238
Google Scholar
[13] Hasan M Z, Kane C L 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 3045
Google Scholar
[14] Nayak C, Simon S H, Stern A, Freedman M, Das Sarma S 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1083
Google Scholar
[15] Zhang H, Liu C X, Gazibegovic S, Xu D, Logan J A, Wang G, van Loo N, Bommer J D S, de Moor M W A, Car D, Op Het Veld R L M, van Veldhoven P J, Koelling S, Verheijen M A, Pendharkar M, Pennachio D J, Shojaei B, Lee J S, Palmstrom C J, Bakkers E, Sarma S D, Kouwenhoven L P 2018 Nature 556 74
Google Scholar
[16] Armitage N P, Mele E J, Vishwanath A 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys. 90 015001
Google Scholar
[17] Sbierski B, Pohl G, Bergholtz E J, Brouwer P W 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 026602
Google Scholar
[18] Trescher M, Sbierski B, Brouwer P W, Bergholtz E J 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 115135
Google Scholar
[19] Matveeva P G, Aristov D N, Meidan D, Gutman D B 2017 Phys. Rev. B 96 165406
Google Scholar
[20] Yang Y L, Bai C X, Xu X G, Jiang Y 2018 Nanotechnology 29 074002
Google Scholar
[21] Golub A, Horovitz B 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 153415
Google Scholar
[22] Bolech C J, Demler E 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 237002
Google Scholar
[23] Soller H, Komnik A 2014 Physica E 63 99
Google Scholar
[24] Bolech C J, Demler E 2008 Physica B 403 994
Google Scholar
[25] Akhmerov A R, Dahlhaus J P, Hassler F, Wimmer M, Beenakker C W 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 057001
Google Scholar
[26] Lü H F, Guo Z, Ke S S, Guo Y, Zhang H W 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 117 164312
Google Scholar
[27] DiCarlo L, Zhang Y, McClure D T, Marcus C M, Pfeiffer L N, West K W 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 073906
Google Scholar
[28] Hashisaka M, Nakamura S, Yamauchi Y, Kasai S, Kobayashi K, Ono T 2008 Phys. Status Solidi C 5 182
Google Scholar
[29] Arakawa T, Nishihara Y, Maeda M, Norimoto S, Kobayashi K 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 172104
Google Scholar
[30] Robinson A M, Talyanskii V I 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 3169
Google Scholar
[31] Ronen Y, Cohen Y, Kang J H, Haim A, Rieder M T, Heiblum M, Mahalu D, Shtrikman H 2016 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113 1743
Google Scholar
[32] 陈文豪, 杜磊, 庄奕琪, 包军林, 何亮, 陈华, 孙鹏, 王婷岚 2011 物理学报 60 050704
Google Scholar
Chen W H, Du L, Zhuang Y Q, Bao J L, He L, Chen H, Sun P, Wang T L 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 050704
Google Scholar
[33] Yang W H, Wei J 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 060702
Google Scholar
[34] Dong Q, Liang Y X, Ferry D, Cavanna A, Gennser U, Couraud L, Jin Y 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 013504
Google Scholar
[35] Hashisaka M, Yamauchi Y, Nakamura S, Kasai S, Kobayashi K, Ono T 2008 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 109 012013
Google Scholar
[36] Dicarlo L, Williams J R, Zhang Y, McClure D T, Marcus C M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 156801
Google Scholar
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