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Optical excitations and mutual couplings of surface plasmons with specific modes in metal nanostructures are the physical basis for developing the high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and high precision spectroscopy. Here, we systematically review latest advances in optical excitations, classifications and identifications of surface plasmon resonance modes and their typical applications in several typical interfaces. We discuss several aspects below. First, the intrinsic mechanism of creating " hot spots” in metal particle-film systems is elucidated by the finite-difference time-domain numerical method. Spatial transfers and influence factors of the " hot spots” under plasmon-induced electric- resonance and plasmon-induced magnetic-resonance conditions are discussed. Second, the plasmon-induced magnetic-resonance in the visible-light region is successfully realized in a gold nanoparticle-film system. Meanwhile, experimental results of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy show that the " hot spots” in the magnetic-resonance mode can output Raman scattering with a much higher enhancement factor than that in the conventional electric-resonance mode. Third, we design nonlinear nanorulers that can reach approximately 1-nm resolution by utilizing the mechanism of plasmon-enhanced second-harmonic generation (PESHG). Through introducing Au@SiO2 (core@shell) shell isolated nanoparticles, we strive to maneuver electric-field-related gap modes such that a reliable relationship between PESHG responses and gap sizes, represented by " PESHG nanoruler equation”, can be obtained. Fourth, a critical and general solution is proposed to quantitatively describe the spatial resolution and directional emission in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced fluorescence. These results may help enhance our understanding of the intrinsic physical mechanism of the surface plasmon resonance, and offer opportunities for potential applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, and other plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy.
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Keywords:
- surface plasmon resonance /
- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy /
- tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy /
- plasmon-enhanced second harmonic generation
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图 1 粒子-金膜体系的远场散射谱及近场分布图 (a) 在金膜上直径为80 nm的单个纳米粒子的散射光谱(上行)及在633 nm和570 nm激发波长下的稳态电场和矢量分布截面图(下行)[48]; (b) Au@SiO2壳层隔绝纳米粒子二聚体-金膜体系的计算模拟散射谱(上行)及Au@SiO2 壳层隔绝纳米粒子二聚体-金基底体系中, 散射谱中四个SPR峰对应的xz截面的电场分布图(下行)[49]; (c) 在530 nm和633 nm激发光下, 七聚体和九聚体在xz平面的SERS增强分布[49]; (d) Au@SiO2 SHIN多聚体-金膜系统和“热点”在不同波长下的空间转移, A点对应的是SHIN-SHIN间隙中的最强电磁场增强点, B点对应的是SHIN与金膜表面的最强电磁场增强点[49]
Figure 1. Scattering spectra and near-field profiles of nanoparticles -film system. (a) Scattering spectra of a single nanoparticle with D = 80 nm on the gold film (top row). Electric fields and vector distributions of steady state correspond to cross-sectional views under 633 nm and 570 nm excitations (bottom row)[48]. (b) Calculated scattering spectra for the Au@SiO2 SHIN dimer-film coupling system (top row). Images of the near-field distribution of the electric field at the xz-plane under different excitation wavelengths corresponding to four scattering peaks in scattering spectra for the Au@SiO2 SHIN dimer-film coupling system (bottom row)[49]. (c) Calculated SERS enhancement distributions at the xz-plane under excitation wavelengths of 530 nm and 633 nm in heptamer and nonamer aggregates, respectively[49]. (d) Schematic illustrations of typical Au@SiO2 SHIN aggregates over a gold film. Spatial transfers of hot spots under different excitation wavelengths. Point A corresponds to the maximum electric field enhancement point in SHIN-SHIN gap (A region), and point B corresponds to the maximum electric field enhancement point on the gold film surface in SHIN−film junction (B region)[49].
图 2 等离激元磁共振模式的远近场特性[51] (a) 等离激元磁共振模式的模型及原理示意图; (b) 介质层为1 nm和10 nm时直径200 nm的纳米球在金膜上的散射和吸收光谱; (c) 用位移矢量表示的电场(上行)和磁场(下行)的分布; (d) 直径为200 nm, 纳米球-金膜系统的间隔为1 nm的散射谱(黑色曲线)和平均电磁场增强光谱(红色曲线)
Figure 2. The near and far field properties of PIMR model[51]: (a) Schematic illustrations of the studied model and the principle of plasmon-induced magnetic resonance; (b) scattering and absorption spectra for 1 nm and 10 nm dielectric spacer of a nanosphere with 200 nm diameter on the gold film; (c) displacement vector filling electric-field distributions (top row) and magnetic-field (bottom row) distributions; (d) the scattering spectrum (black curve) and the average electric-field enhancement spectrum at the nanogap (red curve) for the nanosphere-film system with 200 nm diameter and 1 nm dielectric spacer.
图 3 SERS检测方案[50] (a) TP分子吸附在金纳米颗粒与金膜间隙中, BDT分子吸附在纳米颗粒间隙中, 绿色与红色谱线分别代表激发光为532 nm和633 nm; (b) TP和BDT吸附在不同的位置, 其他同(a)
Figure 3. Scheme for SERS detection[50]. (a) Scheme for SERS detection with thiophenol (TP) molecules adsorbed in the gap between gold nanoparticles and the gold film and benzenedithiol (BDT) molecules adsorbed in the gap between nanoparticles. The green and red spectra were obtained with 532 and 633 nm excitation, respectively. (b) Similar to (a) with TP and BDT adsorbed at different locations.
图 4 纳米球-金膜体系的散射谱图及拉曼谱图[51] (a)不同尺寸的粒子放置在吸附分子后的金单晶表面的SEM成像图, 160 nm (i), 180 nm (ii), 210 nm (iii), 240 nm (iv) and 250 nm (v), 以及分别对应的散射谱图, i黑色, ii 红色, iii 蓝色, iv 绿色, v 红褐色; (b)图(a)中理论波峰(黑线)和波谷(蓝线)的位置, 实验波峰(红点)和波谷(粉色点)的位置; (c) 吸附在单纳米球-金膜系统的Au(111)单晶平面上的MBA的Raman信号
Figure 4. Scattering spectra and Raman spectra of nanosphere-gold film systems[51]. (a) SEM images for sphere-film systems with D = 160 (i), 180 (ii), 210 (iii), 240 (iv), and 250 nm (v) on the Au (111) single-crystal flat surface. Dark-field scattering spectra of single particle on the Au (111) single-crystal flat surface with i, black; ii, red; iii, blue; iv, green; and v, red-brown. (b) The plot of theoretical peak (black line) and dip (blue line) positions, experimental peak (red dots), and dip positions (pink dots). (c) Raman signals of MBA adsorbed on the Au (111) single-crystal flat surface of the single nanosphere-gold film systems.
图 5 PESHG纳米尺与线性PNR的比较[52] (a) PESHG纳米尺的示意图; (b)在不同二氧化硅壳层厚度SHINs(D = 55 nm)的暗场散射谱表征: g = 1 (黑色曲线), 2 (红色曲线), 3 (蓝色曲线), 4 (青色曲线), 6 (黄色曲线); (c)线性PNR与g的变化关系; (d)PESHG纳米尺与g的变化关系
Figure 5. Comparisons between PESHG nanoruler and linear PNR[52]: (a) Schematic illustration of PESHG nanoruler; (b) DFSS corresponding to SHINs (D = 55 nm) with different thicknesses of the silica shell laid on the smooth Au surface: g = 0 (black curve), 1 (red curve), 2 (blue curve), 4 (cyan curve), and 6 nm (yellow curve); (c) linear PNR versus g; (d) PESHG nanoruler versus g.
图 6 STM-TERS体系计算模型图[53] (a)和(b)分别是电场和电场梯度空间分布; (c)和(d)分别是水平电场和水平电场梯度分布图; (e)为(c)与(d)图点对点相除得到的空间分布图; (f)—(h)分别为拉曼活性模、红外活性模以及二者比值随侧向位移变化曲线
Figure 6. Calculation model of the STM-TERS configuration[53]: Schematics of electric field (a) and electric field gradient (b) intensity distribution; (c) the horizontal electric field and (d) horizontal electric field gradient distribution of the plane between the tip and substrate; (e) the ratio of (c) over (d); (f)-(h) dependence of Raman-active modes, infrared (IR)-active modes, and the ratio of electric field to its gradient on the lateral displacement.
图 7 TERS和TEF原位测量的研究[55] (a) TERS和TEF原位精确测量实验示意图; (b) TERS和TEF增强因子随针尖-基底间距变化曲线; (c) TERS和TEF增强因子随波长变化曲线, 针尖-基底间距为2 nm
Figure 7. Study of in-situ measurements of TERS and TEF[55]: (a) The schematic of in-situ measurements of TERS and TEF; (b) dependence of TERS and TEF enhancement factor on tip-film distance; (c) dependence of TERS and TEF enhancement factor on wavelength at tip-film distances of d = 2 nm.
图 8 TES定向发射物理机理研究[54] (a) LSPs和PSPs对TES中PCDE协同效应的机理示意图; (b) 角度分辨的TES远场发射分布; (c)−(e)银基底、银针尖以及针尖-基底体系的远场分布
Figure 8. Physical mechanism of the surface plasmon-coupled emission of TES[54]: (a) The schematic of the synergistic effect of the LSPs and PSPs for the surface plasmon-coupled emission of TES; (b) the angle-resolved emission patterns of the TES; (c)−(e) the corresponding far-field scattering spatial distributions for the film, tip and tip-film configurations.
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[1] Maier S A 2007 Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (New York: Springer Science & Business Media) pp39-87
[2] Luan J, Morrissey J J, Wang Z, Derami H G, Liu K K, Cao S, Jiang Q, Wang C, Kharasch E D, Naik R R, Singamanen S 2018 Light-Sci. Appl. 7 29Google Scholar
[3] Butet J, Bernasconi G D, Petit M, Bouhelier A, Yan C, Martin O J F, Cluzel B, Demichel O 2017 ACS Photon. 4 2923Google Scholar
[4] Lee K L, Hung C Y, Pan M Y, Wu T Y, Yang S Y, Wei P K 2018 Adv. Mater. 5 1801064
[5] Oh S H, Altug H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 5263Google Scholar
[6] Zheng J, Yang W, Wang J, Zhu J, Qian L, Yang Z 2019 Nanoscale 11 4061Google Scholar
[7] Liberal I, Engheta N 2017 Nat. Photon. 11 149Google Scholar
[8] Zhang R, Zhang Y, Dong Z C, Jiang S, Zhang C, Chen L G, Zhang L, Liao Y, Aizpurua J, Luo Y, Yang J L, Hou J G 2013 Nature 498 82Google Scholar
[9] Zhang Y, Meng Q S, Zhang L, Luo Y, Yu Y J, Yang B, Zhang Y, Esteban R, Aizpurua J, Luo Y, Yang J L, Dong Z C, Hou J G 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15225Google Scholar
[10] Wang S, Wu P C, Su V C, Lai Y C, Chu C H, Chen J W, Lu S H, Chen J, Xu B, Kuan C H, Li T, Zhu S, Tsai D P 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 187Google Scholar
[11] Wang P, Krasavin A V, Nasir M E, Dickson W, Zayats A V 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 159Google Scholar
[12] Zhou L, Swearer D F, Zhang C, Robatjazi H, Zhao H, Henderson L, Dong L, Christopher P, Carter E A, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2018 Science 362 69Google Scholar
[13] Zhao F, Yang W, Shih T M, Feng S, Zhang Y, Li J, Yan J, Yang Z 2018 ACS Photon. 5 3519Google Scholar
[14] Fang Y, Seong N H, Dlott D D 2008 Science 321 388Google Scholar
[15] Xu H, Bjerneld E J, Käll M, Börjesson L 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4357Google Scholar
[16] Rahmani M, Luk'yanchuk B, Hong M 2013 Laser Photon. Rev. 7 329Google Scholar
[17] Jin R, Zeng C, Zhou M, Chen Y 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 10346Google Scholar
[18] Kneipp K, Wang Y, Kneipp H, Perelman L T, Itzkan I, Dasari R R, Feld M S 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 1667Google Scholar
[19] Xu H 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 5980Google Scholar
[20] Li J F, Huang Y F, Ding Y, Yang Z L, Li S B, Zhou X S, Fan F R, Zhang W, Zhou Z Y, Wu D Y, Ren B, Wang Z L, Tian Z Q 2010 Nature 464 392Google Scholar
[21] Gong Y, Joly A G, Hu D, El-Khoury P Z, Hess W P 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3472Google Scholar
[22] Saito Y, Motohashi M, Hayazawa N, Iyoki M, Kawata S 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 143109Google Scholar
[23] Sonntag M D, Klingsporn J M, Garibay L K, Roberts J M, Dieringer J A, Seideman T, Scheidt K A, Jensen L, Schatz G C, van Duyne R P 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 478
[24] Liu H, Ng J, Wang S B, Hang Z H, Chan C T, Zhu S N 2011 New J. Phys. 13 073040Google Scholar
[25] Hajisalem G, Nezami M S, Gordon R 2014 Nano Lett. 14 6651Google Scholar
[26] Akselrod G M, Argyropoulos C, Hoang T B, Ciracì C, Fang C, Huang J, Smith D R, Mikkelsen M H 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 835Google Scholar
[27] Lian H, Gu Y, Ren J, Zhang F, Wang L, Gong Q 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 193002Google Scholar
[28] Sun J, Hu H, Zheng D, Zhang D, Deng Q, Zhang S, Xu H 2018 ACS Nano 12 10393Google Scholar
[29] Zhang C, Chen B Q, Li Z Y 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 11858
[30] 程自强, 石海泉, 余萍, 刘志敏 2018 物理学报 67 197302Google Scholar
Cheng Z Q, Shi H Q, Yu P, Liu Z M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 197302Google Scholar
[31] Ciracì C, Hill R, Mock J J, Urzhumov Y, Fernández-Domínguez A I, Maier S A, Pendry J B, Chilkoti A, Smith D R 2012 Science 337 1072Google Scholar
[32] Kauranen M, Zayats A V 2012 Nat. Photon. 6 737Google Scholar
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