Modulation of propagating surface plasmons

Zhang Wen-Jun; Gao Long; Wei Hong; Xu Hong-Xing

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190802

Abstract

The diffraction limit of light greatly limits the development of conventional optical devices, which are difficult to be miniaturized and integrated with high density. Surface plasmons, electromagnetic modes at the metal-dielectric interface, can concentrate light into deep subwavelength dimensions, enabling the manipulation of light at the nanometer scale. Surface plasmons can be used as information carrier to transmit and process optical signals beyond the diffraction limit. Therefore, nanodevices based on surface plasmons have received much attention. By modulating surface plasmons, the modulation of optical signals at nanoscale can be realized, which is important for the development of on-chip integrated nanophotonic circuits and optical information technology. In this article, we review the modulations of propagating surface plasmons and their applications in nano-optical modulators. The wave vector of propagating surface plasmons is very sensitive to the dielectric function of the metal and the environment. By tuning the dielectric function of the metal and/or the surrounding medium, both the real and imaginary part of the wave vector of surface plasmons can be modified, leading to the modulation of the phase and propagation length of surface plasmons and thereby modulating the intensity of optical signals. We first introduce the basic principles of different types of modulations, including all-optical modulation, thermal modulation, electrical modulation, and magnetic modulation. The all-optical modulation can be achieved by modulating the polarization and phase of input light, pumping optical materials, changing the dielectric function of metal by control light, and manipulating a nanoparticle by optical force to modulate the scattering of surface plasmons. The modulation based on thermal effect depends on thermo-optic materials and phase-change materials, and the temperature change can be triggered by photothermal effect or electrical heating. For electrically controlled modulation, Pockels electro-optic effect and Kerr electro-optic effect can be employed. Electrical modulation can also be realized by controlling the carrier concentration of semiconductors or graphene, using electrochromatic materials, and nanoelectromechanical control of the waveguide. The modulation of surface plasmons by magnetic field relies on magneto-optic materials. We review recent research progresses of modulating propagating surface plasmons by these methods, and analyze the performances of different types of plasmonic modulators, including operation wavelength, modulation depth or extinction ratio, response time or modulation frequency, and insertion loss. Finally, a brief conclusion and outlook is presented.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
3.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Wei Hong, weihong@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2015CB932400) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774413, 11674256, 91850207).

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Cited By

图 1 基于干涉的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)银纳米线网络结构中实现等离激元干涉调制^[26]; (b)槽状银纳米波导结构中实现等离激元干涉调制^[28]; (c)带状银波导结构中实现等离激元干涉调制^[30]

Figure 1. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on interference: (a) Interferometric modulation of surface plasmons in silver nanowire network^[26]; (b) interferometric modulation of surface plasmons in nanoslot waveguide network in silver film^[28]; (c) interferometric modulation of surface plasmons in silver strip waveguides^[30].

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图 2 基于光学材料的表面等离激元传播的全光调制　(a)基于量子点的表面等离激元调制^[34]; (b)利用Er³⁺离子实现表面等离激元的调制^[39]; (c)基于非线性光学材料的表面等离激元调制^[41]; (d)基于光折变聚合物的表面等离激元调制^[44]; (e)基于光致变色分子的表面等离激元调制^[48]

Figure 2. All-optical modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on optical materials: (a) Modulating surface plasmons by CdSe quantum dots^[34]; (b) modulating surface plasmons via stimulated emission of copropagating surface plasmons on a Er³⁺-doped glass substrate^[39]; (c) modulating surface plasmons based on nonlinear optical material^[41]; (d) modulating surface plasmons based on photorefractive polymer film^[44]; (e) modulating surface plasmons by photochromic molecules^[48].

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图 3 (a)通过改变铝介电函数实现对表面等离激元的超快调制^[50]; (b)利用光学力操控纳米颗粒的位置实现对表面等离激元的调制^[53]

Figure 3. (a) Ultrafast optical modulation of surface plasmons by changing the dielectric function of aluminum^[50]; (b) optical modulation of surface plasmons by controlling the position of a nanoparticle through optical force^[53].

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图 4 基于热光效应的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)利用掺杂染料分子的聚合物层的热光效应实现表面等离激元调制^[54]; (b)利用掺杂金纳米颗粒的聚合物的热光效应实现介质加载型等离激元波导中的表面等离激元调制^[57]; (c)基于电阻加热控制的聚合物热光效应实现条状金等离激元波导中的表面等离激元调制^[59]; (d)基于电阻加热控制的聚合物热光效应实现介质加载型等离激元波导中的表面等离激元调制^[61]; (e)基于电阻加热控制的聚合物热光效应实现柔性带状银波导中的表面等离激元调制^[64]; (f)利用银和丙三醇的热光效应实现银纳米线波导中的表面等离激元调制^[68]

Figure 4. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on thermo-optic effect: (a) Modulating surface plasmons based on thermo-optic effect of dye-doped polymer film^[54]; (b) modulating surface plasmons on dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides based on thermo-optic effect of gold nanoparticle-doped polymer^[57]; (c) modulating surface plasmons by thermo-optic effect of electrically heated polymer surrounding gold stripe waveguides^[59]; (d) modulating surface plasmons by thermo-optic effect of the electrically heated polymer in dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides^[61]; (e) modulating surface plasmons by thermo-optic effect of electrically heated polymer surrounding flexible silver stripe waveguides^[64]; (f) modulating surface plasmons on silver nanowires based on thermo-optic effect of silver and glycerol^[68].

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图 5 基于相变材料的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)利用镓的相变特性实现对表面等离激元的调制^[72]; (b)利用Ge₂Sb₂Te₅合金的相变特性实现对表面等离激元的调制^[76]

Figure 5. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on phase change materials: (a) Modulating surface plasmons by the phase change of gallium^[72]; (b) modulating surface plasmons by the phase change of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅^[76].

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图 6 基于电光效应的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)基于聚合物材料的线性电光效应的表面等离激元调制^[85]; (b)基于DLD-164的线性电光效应的MZI型表面等离激元调制器^[86]; (c)基于液晶的二次电光效应的表面等离激元调制^[90]; (d)基于钛酸钡的二次电光效应的表面等离激元调制^[92]

Figure 6. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on electro-optic effect: (a) Modulating surface plasmons based on the Pockels electro-optic effect of polymer^[85]; (b) plasmonic MZI modulator based on the Pockels electro-optic effect of DLD-164^[86]; (c) modulating surface plasmons based on the Kerr effect of liquid crystal^[90]; (d) modulating surface plasmons based on the Kerr effect of barium titanate film^[92].

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图 7 基于载流子浓度调控的等离激元调制器　(a)在MOS结构中调制硅载流子浓度实现等离激元调制器^[94]; (b)在金属-介质-硅-介质-金属结构中调制硅芯层载流子浓度实现等离激元调制器^[95]; (c)通过调控ITO载流子浓度实现等离激元调制器^[97]

Figure 7. Plasmonic modulators based on the control of carrier concentration: (a) Plasmonic modulator based on MOS structure by tuning the carrier concentration in Si^[94]; (b) plasmonic modulator based on metal-insulator-silicon-insulator-metal structure by tuning the carrier concentration in the Si core^[95]; (c) plasmonic modulator based on tuning the carrier concentration in ITO^[97].

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图 8 基于石墨烯载流子浓度调控的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)通过调控石墨烯载流子浓度实现对银纳米线表面等离激元的调制^[99]; (b)通过调控石墨载流子浓度实现对金波导结构中表面等离激元边缘模式的调制^[100]; (c)通过调控石墨烯载流子浓度实现对槽状金波导结构中表面等离激元的调制^[101]

Figure 8. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons by tuning the carrier concentration of graphene: (a) Modulating surface plasmons on silver nanowire by tuning the carrier concentration of graphene^[99]; (b) modulating the wedge plasmon mode of gold waveguide by tuning the carrier concentration of graphene^[100]; (c) modulating surface plasmons on gold slot waveguide by tuning the carrier concentration of graphene^[101].

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图 9 利用纳机电方法控制MIM波导的间隙尺寸实现对表面等离激元的相位调制^[104]

Figure 9. Modulating the phase of surface plasmons in a MIM structure by nanoelectromechanical control of the gap between two metal layers^[104].

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图 10 基于磁光效应的表面等离激元传播调制　(a)基于钴的磁光效应的表面等离激元调制^[106]; (b)利用Bi:YIG的磁光效应的表面等离激元调制^[107]

Figure 10. Modulation of propagating surface plasmons based on magneto-optic effect: (a) Modulating surface plasmons by magneto-optic effect of Co^[106]; (b) modulating surface plasmons by magneto-optic effect of Bi:YIG^[107].

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表 1 传播表面等离激元调制的原理

Table 1. Principles of modulating propagating surface plasmons.

调制类型	调制原理
全光调制	激发和干涉调制; 光学材料调制(增益/损耗介质调制、非线性光学材料调制、光致变色材料调制、光调制波导介电函数); 光学力操控调制
热调制	热光效应调制; 相变效应调制
电调制	电光调制(线性电光效应调制、二次电光效应调制); 载流子调制(电调制半导体载流子、电调制石墨烯载流子); 电致变色材料调制; 纳机电调制
磁调制	磁光效应调制

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表 2 传播表面等离激元调制器的实验性能分析

Table 2. The experimental performance analysis of propagating surface plasmon modulators.

调制原理	工作波长/nm	消光比/dB	响应时间/调制频率	参考文献
全光调制	633	10	—	[26]
	633	12.6	—	[27]
	633	6	10 s	[48]
	633	9.5	—	[30]
	720—900	> 20	1 ms	[44]
	780	0.31	200 fs	[50]
	830	24	—	[29]
	1426	~0.46	25 MHz	[34]
热调制	442	—	40 Hz	[65]
	633	13	上升10 s, 下降2 s	[54]
	785	1.2	上升4.6 μs, 下降6.5 μs	[68]
	1520—1630	15	上升65 μs, 下降20 μs	[60]
	1525	—	100 Hz	[61]
	1530	0.48	8.3 kHz	[66]
	1530—1550	3	上升2 ns, 下降800 ns	[67]
	1550	35	0.7 ms	[59]
	1550	19	上升~ms, 下降60 μs	[62]
	1550	28	—	[64]
	1550	1.6	1 μs	[76]
	1588—1604	7.5	40 Hz	[63]
电调制	633	14	2 s	[103]
	659	3	—	[99]
	688	0.71	—	[92]
	780	—	1 MHz	[104]
	1200—2200	20	—	[97]
	1460—1640	10	115 GHz	[89]
	1480—1600	—	65 GHz	[85]
	1500	0.36	—	[100]
	1500—1600	15	70 GHz	[87]
	1508—1516	0.64	上升1.3 s, 下降1 s	[84]
	1520—1620	6	70 GHz	[86]
	1520—1620	9	10 kHz	[95]
	1540—1560	2.1	200 kHz	[101]
	1550	—	170 GHz	[88]
	1550	4.6	100 kHz	[94]
磁调制	808	—	690 Hz	[106]

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