Blue perovskite light-emitting diodes: opportunities and challenges

Duan Cong-Cong; Cheng Lu; Yin Yao; Zhu Lin

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190745

Abstract

The great progress of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been made based on perovskites, and the external quantum efficiency of near infrared, red and green devices have reached > 20%, exhibiting their great potential applications in lighting and displays. However, the performance of blue perovskite LEDs is very poor, thus limiting their applications in the field of full-color displays. The blue perovskite LEDs can be achieved through mixed halides or quantum confinement effect. In this paper, we review the research progress of blue perovskite LEDs based on these two strategies, discuss the challenges to achieve high-performance perovskite LEDs and present our perspectives.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 210009, China

Corresponding author: Yin Yao, iamyyin@njtech.edu.cn ; Zhu Lin, iamlzhu@njtech.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21601085) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20161008).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 实现蓝光钙钛矿方法的示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the method to achieve blue perovskites.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 三维蓝光钙钛矿LED^[14]　(a)电流密度-电压-亮度; (b)不同电压下的电致发光(EL)光谱; (c)器件稳定性

Figure 2. Characterization of blue LEDs based on 3D perovskites^[14]: (a) Current-voltage-luminance; (b) normalized electroluminance (EL) spectra of device under various voltages; (c) lifetime characteristics of device.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 量子点蓝光钙钛矿LED^[16]　(a)器件能级结构图; (b) EL光谱; (c)电流密度-电压-亮度; (d) EQE-电流密度

Figure 3. Characterization of blue LEDs fabricated with nanocrystals of varying Mn content^[16]: (a) Device structure; (b) normalized EL spectra; (c) current-voltage-luminance; (d) external quantum efficiency (EQE)-current density.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 单卤素多量子阱天蓝光钙钛矿LED^[18]　(a)不同电压下的EL光谱; (b)连续工作条件下的EL光谱; (c)不同初始亮度条件下器件的寿命

Figure 4. Characterization of blue LEDs based on single-halide MQW perovskites^[18]: (a) EL spectra of perovskite LEDs operating under different voltages; (b) EL spectra of device operating with various exposure time; (c) lifetime measurement of devices at different initial luminance.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 光谱稳定的单卤素多量子阱蓝光钙钛矿LED^[19]　(a)在4.5 V电压连续工作条件下器件的EL光谱; (b) 4.5 V电压连续工作条件下器件的稳定性

Figure 5. Spectra stable blue LED based on single-halide MQW perovskites^[19]: (a) EL spectrum under a constant applied voltage of 4.5 V as a function of time; (b) lifetime of device at a constant voltage of 4.5 V.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 混合卤素多量子阱蓝光钙钛矿LED　(a)发光区域调控示意图; (b)不同PEDOT:PSS厚度器件的电流密度-电压-亮度; (c)不同PEDOT:PSS厚度器件的EQE-电流密度; (d) 4.4 V电压连续工作条件下器件的稳定性; (e)不同电压下器件的EL光谱; (f) 4.4 V电压连续工作条件下器件的EL光谱^[11]

Figure 6. Characterization of blue LEDs based on mixed-halide MQW perovskites: (a) Schematic diagram of the modulation of recombination zone position; (b) current-voltage-luminance; (c) characterization of EQE versus current density; (d) lifetime of device at a constant voltage of 4.4 V; (e) initial EL spectrum under different applied voltages; (f) EL spectrum under a constant applied voltage of 4.4 V as a function of time^[11].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 蓝光钙钛矿发光二极管研究进展

Table 1. Research progress of blue perovskite LEDs.

Perovskites	EL peak/nm	Peak EQE/%	Luminance/cd·m^–2	Ref.
CH₃NH₃Pb(Br_0.36Cl_0.64)₃	482	—	1.7	[13]
CH₃NH₃Pb(Br_0.4Cl_0.6)₃	～ 480	—	—	[12]
Cs₁₀(MA_0.17FA_0.83)_(100–x)PbCl_1.5Br_1.5	475	1.7	3567	[14]
CsPb(Cl/Br)₃ QDs	455	0.07	742	[15]
CsMn_yPb_1–yBr_xCl_3–x QDs	466	2.12	245	[16]
(4-PBA)-CsPbBr₃ MQWs	435, 466, 491	0.015	186	[10]
POEA-CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ MQWs	480, 494, 508	1.1	19.25	[17]
(IPA/PEA)-(MA/Cs)PbBr₃ MQWs	490	1.5	2480	[18]
PBA-CsPbBr_3–xCl_x MQWs	473/481	0.16/0.25	217/509	[20]
PEA-CsPbBr_2.1Cl_0.9 MQWs	480	5.7	3780	[11]
BA-CsPb(Br/Cl)₃ MQWs	465	2.4	962	[21]
PEA-(Rb/Cs)PbBr₃ MQWs	475	1.35	100.6	[19]

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Deschler F, Price M, Pathak S, Klintberg L E, Jarausch D D, Higler R, Hüttner S, Leijtens T, Stranks S D, Snaith H J, Atatüre M, Phillips R T, Friend R H 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1421 Google Scholar
[2]	Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 687 Google Scholar
[3]	Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan Z K, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai M L, Friend R H, Huang W 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2311 Google Scholar
[4]	Era M, Morimoto S, Tsutsui T, Saito S 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 676 Google Scholar
[5]	Lin K, Xing J, Quan L N, Arquer F P G de, Gong X, Lu J, Xie L, Zhao W, Zhang D, Yan C, Li W, Liu X, Lu Y, Kirman J, Sargent E H, Xiong Q, Wei Z 2018 Nature 562 245 Google Scholar
[6]	Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nature 562 249 Google Scholar
[7]	Chiba T, Hayashi Y, Ebe H, Hoshi K, Sato J, Sato S, Pu Y J, Ohisa S, Kido J 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 681 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhao B, Bai S, Kim V, Lamboll R, Shivanna R, Auras F, Richter J M, Yang L, Dai L, Alsari M, She X J, Liang L, Zhang J, Lilliu S, Gao P, Snaith H J, Wang J, Greenham N C, Friend R H, Di D 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 783 Google Scholar
[9]	Xu W, Hu Q, Bai S, Bao C, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Borzda T, Barker A J, Tyukalova E, Hu Z, Kawecki M, Wang H, Yan Z, Liu X, Shi X, Uvdal K, Fahlman M, Zhang W, Duchamp M, Liu J M, Petrozza A, Wang J, Liu L M, Huang W, Gao F 2019 Nat. Photon. 13 418 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng L, Cao Y, Ge R, Wei Y Q, Wang N N, Wang J P, Huang W 2017 Chin. Chem. Lett. 28 29 Google Scholar
[11]	Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xue Q, Yip H L, Cao Y 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1027 Google Scholar
[12]	Sadhanala A, Ahmad S, Zhao B, Giesbrecht N, Pearce P M, Deschler F, Hoye R L Z, Gödel K C, Bein T, Docampo P, Dutton S E, de Volder M F L, Friend R H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 6095 Google Scholar
[13]	Kumawat N K, Dey A, Kumar A, Gopinathan S P, Narasimhan K L, Kabra D 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 13119 Google Scholar
[14]	Kim H P, Kim J, Kim B S, Kim H M, Kim J, Yusoff A R bin M, Jang J, Nazeeruddin M K 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1600920 Google Scholar
[15]	Song J, Li J, Li X, Xu L, Dong Y, Zeng H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 7162 Google Scholar
[16]	Hou S, Gangishetty M K, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Joule 2 2421 Google Scholar
[17]	Chen Z, Zhang C, Jiang X F, Liu M, Xia R, Shi T, Chen D, Xue Q, Zhao Y J, Su S, Yip H L, Cao Y 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603157 Google Scholar
[18]	Xing J, Zhao Y, Askerka M, Quan L N, Gong X, Zhao W, Zhao J, Tan H, Long G, Gao L, Yang Z, Voznyy O, Tang J, Lu Z H, Xiong Q, Sargent E H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3541 Google Scholar
[19]	Jiang Y, Qin C, Cui M, He T, Liu K, Huang Y, Luo M, Zhang L, Xu H, Li S, Wei J, Liu Z, Wang H, Kim G H, Yuan M, Chen J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1868 Google Scholar
[20]	Wang K H, Peng Y, Ge J, Jiang S, Zhu B S, Yao J, Yin Y C, Yang J N, Zhang Q, Yao H B 2019 ACS Photon. 6 667 Google Scholar
[21]	Vashishtha P, Ng M, Shivarudraiah S B, Halpert J E 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 83 Google Scholar
[22]	Gangishetty M K, Hou S, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1706226 Google Scholar
[23]	Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, Zhang S, Miao Y, Zou W, Yi C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Q, Ke Y, Yu M, Jin Y, Liu Y, Ding Q, Di D, Yang L, Xing G, Tian H, Jin C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 699 Google Scholar
[24]	Sun Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Zhang S, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Li H, Yi C, Wang J, Huang W 2018 npj Flexible Electron. 2 12 Google Scholar
[25]	Zou W, Li R, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang N, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Guo Q, Di D, Zhang L, Yi C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 608 Google Scholar
[26]	Li G, Rivarola F W R, Davis N J L K, Bai S, Jellicoe T C, de la Peña F, Hou S, Ducati C, Gao F, Friend R H, Greenham N C, Tan Z K 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3528 Google Scholar
[27]	Yang M, Wang N, Zhang S, Zou W, He Y, Wei Y, Xu M, Wang J, Huang W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 2038 Google Scholar
[28]	Ke Y, Wang N, Kong D, Cao Y, He Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Xue C, Peng Q, Gao F, Huang W, Wang J 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10 380 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang F, Geng W, Zhou Y, Fang H H, Tong C J, Loi M A, Liu L M, Zhao N 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9986 Google Scholar
[30]	Li C, Guerrero A, Huettner S, Bisquert J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 5113 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang J, Yang Y, Deng H, Farooq U, Yang X, Khan J, Tang J, Song H 2017 ACS Nano 11 9294 Google Scholar
[32]	Jun T, Sim K, Iimura S, Sasase M, Kamioka H, Kim J, Hosono H 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1804547 Google Scholar

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