Research progress of two-dimensional interlayer-sliding ferroelectricity

Zhong Ting-Ting; Wu Meng-Hao

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20201432

Abstract

In recent years, the existence of ferroelectricity in a series of two-dimensional van der Waals materials has been experimentally confirmed, in which the ferroelectricity induced by interlayer sliding is an important type. This mechanism is not available in traditional ferroelectrics but can be applied to many two-dimensional materials. In this paper we review the relevant researches and introduce the origin of this type of ferroelectricity: in many two-dimensional van der Waals bilayers, the upper layer is not equivalent to the lower layer, thus giving rise to a net interlayer charge transfer and the inducing vertical polarization to be switchable via interlayer sliding. This unique sliding ferroelectricity can widely exist in many van der Waals bilayers, multilayers and even bulk structures. The interlayer sliding barrier is several orders of magnitude lower than that of traditional ferroelectric, which may greatly save the energy required by ferroelectric switching. At present, this type of interlayer sliding ferroelectricity has been experimentally confirmed in WTe₂ and β-InSe bilayer/multilayer systems, and more systems predicted to be with much stronger interlayer sliding ferroelectricity (like BN) may be realized in near future.

Keywords:

two-dimensional van der Waals ferroelectrics /
interlayer sliding /
nanogenerator /
ferroelectric Moire superlattice

Authors and contacts

Zhong Ting-Ting¹,
Wu Meng-Hao²

1.
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2.
School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Corresponding author: Zhong Ting-Ting, zhongtt@zstu.edu.cn ; Wu Meng-Hao, wmh1987@hust.edu.cn

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a) BN双层的铁电翻转路径; (b)石墨烯/BN (C/BN)异质双层不同堆叠方式会产生不同的层间电势, 可被用作纳米发电; 灰色、粉色和蓝色小球分别代表C, B和N原子, 黑色和红色箭头分别表示电荷转移和电极化的方向^[15]

Figure 1. (a) Ferroelectric switching pathway of BN bilayer; (b) different stacking configurations of graphene/BN heterobilayer with distinct interlayer potentials, which can be utilized as nanogenerators. Gray, pink, and blue spheres denote C, B and N atoms, and black and red arrows denote the direction of charge transfer and polarizations, respectively^[15].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a)层间小的扭转角和(b)上层和下层之间轻微的应力差别形成的铁电莫列超晶格(黄色、绿色和红色圈住的区域分别代表AB-up, AB-down和AA畴)^[15]

Figure 2. Ferroelectric Moire superlattice upon (a) a small twist angle or (b) a slight difference in strain between upper and down layer. AB-up, AB-down and AA regions are marked in yellow, green and red circles, respectively^[15].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a)体态MoS₂ 和InSe铁电性; (b) MXene Cr₂NO₂, VS₂, MoN₂ 双层净磁矩随铁电同步翻转^[15]

Figure 3. (a) FE in bulk MoS₂ and InSe; (b) switchable magnetization for MXene Cr₂NO₂, VS₂ and MoN₂ upon ferroelectric switching^[15].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)最上边的两个结构为双层WTe₂的态I和相对态I的中心水平面进行镜像操作得到极化方向相反的态II, 下边的图表示滑移的过程; (b)采用层间滑移的方式使态I翻转为态II的翻转势垒; 图中天蓝色和橙色的小球分别表示W和Te原子, 红色箭头代表电极化的方向^[17]

Figure 4. (a) Geometric structure of state I of WTe₂ bilayer and state II obtained by reflecting state I across the central horizontal plane, which can be also obtained by interlayer translation; (b) ferroelectricity switching pathway of WTe₂ bilayer from state I to state II. Blue and orange spheres denote W and Te atoms respectively, and red arrows denote the polarization direction^[17].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)当y = 0时, 沿着–x方向进行层间平移, 能量和电极化与滑移距离x的关系; (b)在x = –(a + b)/2时, 沿着–y方向进行层间平移, 能量和电极化与滑移距离y的关系; (c)双层WTe₂被压缩时, 电极化与层间距被压缩比例的关系^[17]

Figure 5. (a) Dependence of energy and polarization on x along the –x direction at y = 0; (b) dependence of energy and polarization on y along the –y direction at x = –(a + b)/2; (c) dependence of polarization on the compression of interlayer distance of the WTe₂ bilayer^[17].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a) β-InSe纳米片的晶体结构, 紫色和蓝色的箭头分别表示电荷转移和电极化的方向; 7 nm厚纳米片的(b) PFM振幅曲线和(c) PFM相滞回线^[46]

Figure 6. (a) Crystal structure of β-InSe. Purple and blue arrows denote the direction of charge transfer and polarizations, respectively; (b) PFM amplitude and (c) PFM phase hysteresis loops on a 7-nm-thick flake^[46].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 BN, ZnO, AlN等双层的电极化值^[15]

Table 1. Polarization of bilayer binary compounds such as BN, ZnO, AlN, etc^[15].

Compounds
BN ZnO AlN GaN SiC MoS₂ InSe GaSe

Polarization/
10^–12C·m^–1 2.08 8.22 10.29 9.72 6.17 0.97 0.24 0.46

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Wu M, Jena P 2018 WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 8 e1365 Google Scholar
[2]	Wu M, Burton J D, Tsymbal E Y, Zeng X C, Jena P 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 081406 Google Scholar
[3]	Kou L, Ma Y, Liao T, Du A, Chen C 2018 Phys. Rev. Appl. 10 024043 Google Scholar
[4]	Wu M, Dong S, Yao K, Liu J, Zeng X C 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7309 Google Scholar
[5]	Wu M, Zeng X C 2016 Nano Lett. 16 3236 Google Scholar
[6]	Fei R X, Kang W, Yang L 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 097601 Google Scholar
[7]	Chang K, Liu J W, Lin H C, Wang N, Zhao K, Zhang A M, Jin F, Zhong Y, Hu X P, Duan W H 2016 Science 353 274 Google Scholar
[8]	Bao Y, Song P, Liu Y, Chen Z, Zhu M, Abdelwahab I, Su J, Fu W, Chi X, Yu W, Liu W, Zhao X, Xu Q H, Yang M, Loh K P 2019 Nano Lett. 19 5109 Google Scholar
[9]	Wu M, Zeng X C 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6309 Google Scholar
[10]	Ghosh T, Samanta M, Vasdev A, Dolui K, Ghatak J, Das T, Sheet G, Biswas K 2019 Nano Lett. 19 5703 Google Scholar
[11]	Belianinov A, He Q, Dziaugys A, Maksymovych P, Eliseev E, Borisevich A, Morozovska A, Banys J, Vysochanskii Y, Kalinin S V 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3808 Google Scholar
[12]	Liu F, You L, Seyler K L, Li X, Yu P, Lin J, Wang X, Zhou J, Wang H, He H, Pantelides S T, Zhou W, Sharma P, Xu X, Ajayan P M, Wang J, Liu Z 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12357 Google Scholar
[13]	Ding W, Zhu J, Wang Z, Gao Y, Xiao D, Gu Y, Zhang Z, Zhu W 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 14956 Google Scholar
[14]	Zheng C, Yu L, Zhu L, Collins J L, Kim D, Lou Y D, Xu C, Li M, Wei Z, Zhang Y P 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 7720 Google Scholar
[15]	Li L, Wu M 2017 ACS Nano 11 6382 Google Scholar
[16]	Fei Z, Zhao W, Palomaki T A, Sun B, Miller M K, Zhao Z, Yan J, Xu X, Cobden D H 2018 Nature 560 336 Google Scholar
[17]	Yang Q, Wu M, Li J 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 7160 Google Scholar
[18]	Ribeiro R M, Peres N M R 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 235312 Google Scholar
[19]	Constantinescu G, Kuc A, Heine T 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 036104 Google Scholar
[20]	Henkelman G, Uberuaga B P, Jónsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9901 Google Scholar
[21]	Shirodkar S N, Waghmare U V 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 157601 Google Scholar
[22]	Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Lin Wang Z 2012 Nano Energy 1 328 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang B, Chen J, Jin L, Deng W, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhu M, Yang W, Wang Z L 2016 ACS Nano 10 6241 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhang L, Zhang B, Chen J, Jin L, Deng W, Tang J, Zhang H, Pan H, Zhu M, Yang W, Wang Z L 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 1650 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhang L, Jin L, Zhang B, Deng W, Pan H, Tang J, Zhu M, Yang W 2015 Nano Energy 16 516 Google Scholar
[26]	Jin L, Chen J, Zhang B, Deng W, Zhang L, Zhang H, Huang X, Zhu M, Yang W, Wang Z L 2016 ACS Nano 10 7874 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang Z L, Wang X D 2015 Nano Energy 14 1 Google Scholar
[28]	Duerloo K A N, Reed E J 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1681 Google Scholar
[29]	Qi J S, Qian X F, Qi L, Feng J, Shi D N, Li J 2012 Nano Lett. 12 1224 Google Scholar
[30]	Chen Y, Ke F, Ci P, Ko C, Park T, Saremi S, Liu H, Lee Y, Suh J, Martin L W, Ager J W, Chen B, Wu J 2017 Nano Lett. 17 194 Google Scholar
[31]	Jaffe A, Lin Y, Mao W L, Karunadasa H I 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 4330 Google Scholar
[32]	Wu M, Qian X, Li J 2014 Nano Lett. 14 5350 Google Scholar
[33]	Poncharal P, Ayari A, Michel T, Sauvajol J L 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 113407 Google Scholar
[34]	Freeman C L, Claeyssens F, Allan N L, Harding J H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 066102 Google Scholar
[35]	Sorokin P B, Kvashnin A G, Zhu Z, Tomanek D 2014 Nano Lett. 14 7126 Google Scholar
[36]	Naguib M, Mochalin V N, Barsoum M W, Gogotsi Y 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 992 Google Scholar
[37]	Ma Y, Dai Y, Guo M, Niu C, Zhu Y, Huang B 2012 ACS Nano 6 1695 Google Scholar
[38]	Wu F, Huang C, Wu H, Lee C, Deng K, Kan E, Jena P 2015 Nano Lett. 15 8277 Google Scholar
[39]	Wu M 2017 2D Materials 4 021014 Google Scholar
[40]	Rajapitamahuni A, Hoffman J, Ahn C H, Hong X 2013 Nano Lett. 13 4374 Google Scholar
[41]	Dawber M, Rabe K, M&Scott J F 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 1083 Google Scholar
[42]	Huang B, Clark G, Navarro-Moratalla E, Klein D R, Cheng R, Seyler K L, Zhong D, Schmidgall E, McGuire M A, Cobden D H, Yao W, Xiao D, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xu X D 2017 Nature 546 270 Google Scholar
[43]	Mak K F, Lee C, Hone J, Shan J, Heinz T F 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 136805 Google Scholar
[44]	Sharma P, Xiang F X, Shao D F, Zhang D, Tsymbal E Y, Hamilton A R, Seidel J 2019 Sci. Adv. 5 eaax5080 Google Scholar
[45]	Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang H, Pemmaraju C D, Wang S, Muscher P, Sie E J, Nyby C M, Devereaux T P, Qian X, Zhang X, Lindenberg A M 2020 Nat. Phys. 1 7 Google Scholar
[46]	Hu H, Sun Y, Chai M, Xie D, Ma J, Zhu H 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 252903 Google Scholar

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