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All solid-state lithium batteries demonstrate excellent characteristics of high safety and energy density, which make them very promising energy storage devices. Among various kinds of solid electrolytes, rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolyte combines the advantages of rigid solid inorganic ceramic electrolytes, i.e., excellent room temperature ionic conductivity, and of flexible solid polymer electrolytes, i.e., the flexibility, and thereby is considered to be one of the most ideal electrolyte candidates for all solid-state lithium batteries. Dispersing 0- or 1-dimensional inorganic fillers is a widespread method to fabricate rigid-flexible coupling composite, where the ionic conductivity of polymer can be improved by one order of magnitude mainly due to the decreased degree of crystallinity. However, aim to further increase the ionic conductivity by increasing the filler content cannot be accomplished because of the fillers' tendency to aggregation. what's more, the highly conductive inorganic fillers are separated by the polymer phase and thus cannot form fast and continuous Li+ transportation channels. Accordingly, inorganic fillers which can provide percolated pathway for Li+ transportation and avoid aggregating are highly desirable. To this end, different from adding 0- or 1-dimensional inorganic fillers into polymer matrices, polymers can be cast into porous inorganic substrates, that is, 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework, to obtain organic-inorganic composite electrolyte, in which organic phase, inorganic phase, and organic/inorganic interfacial phase are all continuous for fast Li+ transportation. And meanwhile, its self-supported structure prevents the agglomeration of inorganic particles. In recent years, the 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework has been more and more frequently used in rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolytes. To have a deep insight into the positive function of 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework, in this review, we firstly reveal the mechanism of the huge improvement in the ionic conductivity and thermostability of the composite electrolyte. Then, we summarize the frequently used preparation methods of the 3-dimensional porous ceramic framework reported recently. Finally, for the future perspective of rigid-flexible coupling composite electrolyte development, we propose two feasible improvement strategies. This review can thereby provide great significance of designing solid electrolytes with comprehensive performance for all solid-state lithium batteries with high energy density and superior safety.
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Keywords:
- three-dimensional porous ceramic skeleton /
- organic-inorganic composite electrolyte /
- all-solid-state lithium battery /
- in-situ polymerization
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[7] Yue L P, Ma J, Zhang J J, Zhao J W, Dong S M, Liu Z H, Cui G L, Chen L Q 2016 Energy Storage Mater. 5 139Google Scholar
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[10] Croce F, Appetecchi G B, Persi L, Scrosati B 1998 Nature 394 456Google Scholar
[11] Wu J F, Guo X 2017 Solid State Ionics 310 38Google Scholar
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[18] Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, Suzuki K, Hirayama M, Mitsui A, Yonemura M, Iba H, Kanno R 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16030Google Scholar
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[30] Gowda S R, Reddy A L M, Shaijumon M M, Zhan X B, Ci L J, Ajayan P M 2011 Nano Lett. 11 101Google Scholar
[31] Xie X, Hu L B, Pasta M, Wells G F, Kong D, Criddle C S, Cui Y 2011 Nano Lett. 11 291Google Scholar
[32] Jia H P, Gao P F, Yang J, Wang J L, Nuli Y, Yang Z 2011 Adv. Energy Mater. 1 1036Google Scholar
[33] Bonnet Mercier N, Wong R A, Thomas M L, Dutta A, Yamanaka K, Yogi C, Ohta T, Byon H R 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7127Google Scholar
[34] Chen K, Shen Y, Zhang Y B, Lin Y H, Nan C W 2014 J. Power Sources 249 306
[35] Xu J T, Chou S L, Zhou C F, Gu Q F, Liu H K, Dou S X 2014 J. Power Sources 246 124
[36] Zhu X B, Zhao T S, Wei Z H, Tan P, An L 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 3745Google Scholar
[37] Zhu X B, Zhao T S, Wei Z H, Tan P, Zhao G 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 2782Google Scholar
[38] Fu K, Gong Y H, Dai J Q, Gong A, Han X G, Yao Y G, Wang C W, Wang Y B, Chen Y N, Yan C Y, Li Y J, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 7094Google Scholar
[39] Fu K, Gong Y H, Hitz G T, McOwen D W, Li Y J, Xu S M, Wen Y, Zhang L, Wang C W, Pastel G, Dai J Q, Liu B Y, Xie H, Yao Y G, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 1568Google Scholar
[40] Jiang Z Y, Xia C R, Chen F L 2010 Electrochim. Acta 55 3595Google Scholar
[41] Cui G L 2020 Matter 2 805Google Scholar
[42] Bae J, Li Y T, Zhang J, Zhou X Y, Zhao F, Shi Y, Goodenough J B, Yu G H 2018 Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 57 2096Google Scholar
[43] Jiang T L, He P G, Wang G X, Shen Y, Nan C W, Fan L Z 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 1903376Google Scholar
[44] Ju J W, Wang Y T, Chen B B, Ma J, Dong S M, Chai J C, Qu H T, Cui L F, Wu X X, Cui G L 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 13588Google Scholar
[45] Liu W, Liu N, Sun J, Hsu P C, Li Y Z, Lee H W, Cui Y 2015 Nano Lett. 15 2740Google Scholar
[46] Wieczorek W, Such K, Wyciślik H, Płocharski J 1989 Solid State Ionics 36 255Google Scholar
[47] Wieczorek W, Florjanczyk Z, Stevens J R 1995 Electrochim. Acta 40 2251Google Scholar
[48] Bae J, Li Y T, Zhao F, Zhou X Y, Ding Y, Yu G H 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 15 46Google Scholar
[49] Xie H, Yang C P, Fu K, Yao Y G, Jiang F, Hitz E, Liu B Y, Wang S, Hu L L 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703474Google Scholar
[50] Wu J F, Chen E Y, Yu Y, Liu L, Wu Y, Pang W K, Peterson V K, Guo X 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 1542Google Scholar
[51] Palmer M J, Kalnaus S, Dixit M B, Westover A S, Hatzell K B, Dudney N J, Chen X C 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 26 242
[52] Zekoll S, Marriner Edwards C, Hekselman A K O, Kasemchainan J, Kuss C, Armstrong D E J, Cai D, Wallace R J, Richter F H, Thijssen J H J, Bruce P G 2018 Energy Environ. Sci. 11 185Google Scholar
[53] Cai D, Wang D H, Chen Y J, Zhang S Z, Wang X L, Xia X H, Tu J P 2020 Chem. Eng. J. 394 124993Google Scholar
[54] Xie Z H, Wu Z J, An X W, Yue X Y, Xiaokaiti P, Yoshida A, Abudula A, Guan G Q 2020 J. Membr. Sci. 596 117739Google Scholar
[55] Wang X Z, Zhang Y B, Zhang X, Liu T, Lin Y H, Li L L, Shen Y, Nan C W 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 24791Google Scholar
[56] Hitz G T, McOwen D W, Zhang L, Ma Z, Fu Z, Wen Y, Gong Y, Dai J, Hamann T R, Hu L, Wachsman E D 2019 Mater. Today 22 50Google Scholar
[57] Xu S M, McOwen D W, Zhang L, Hitz G T, Wang C W, Ma Z H, Chen C J, Luo W, Dai J Q, Kuang Y D, Hitz E M, Fu K, Gong Y H, Wachsman E D, Hu L 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 15 458Google Scholar
[58] Liu B, Zhang L, Xu S, McOwen D W, Gong Y, Yang C, Pastel G R, Xie H, Fu K, Dai J, Chen C, Wachsman E D, Hu L 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 14 376Google Scholar
[59] Yao P, Zhu B, Zhai H, Liao X, Zhu Y, Xu W, Cheng Q, Jayyosi C, Li Z, Zhu J, Myers K M, Chen X, Yang Y 2018 Nano Lett. 18 6113Google Scholar
[60] Han X G, Gong Y H, Fu K, He X F, Hitz G T, Dai J Q, Pearse A, Liu B Y, Wang H, Rubloff G, Mo Y, Thangadurai V, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 572Google Scholar
[61] Judez X, Eshetu G G, Li C, Rodriguez Martinez L M, Zhang H, Armand M 2018 Joule 2 2208Google Scholar
[62] Wang C, Wang T, Wang L L, Hu Z L, Cui Z L, Li J D, Dong S M, Zhou X H, Cui G L 2019 Adv. Sci. 6 1901036Google Scholar
[63] Huo H Y, Chen Y, Luo J, Yang X F, Guo X X, Sun X L 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1804004Google Scholar
[64] Chen L, Li W X, Fan L Z, Nan C W, Zhang Q 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1901047Google Scholar
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图 3 刚柔并济的有机-无机复合电解质的不同微观结构及其锂离子传输通道的示意图[41] (a) 单相传输: 有机相连续; (b) 双相传输: 有机相、有机/无机界面相连续; (c) 三相传输: 无机相、有机相、有机/无机界面相连续
Figure 3. Schematic view of rigid-flexible coupling composites with different microstructures and various Li+ transportation pathway[41]: (a) Single-phase percolation: percolated organic phase; (b) double-phase percolation: percolated organic and organic/inorganic interfacial phase; (c) triple-phase percolation: percolated organic, inorganic, and organic/inorganic interfacial phase.
图 5 (a) 以零维颗粒和三维骨架为无机填料的复合电解质在400 ℃下加热2 h前后对比图[48]; (b) 150 ℃加热3 h对具有三维骨架的复合电解质(上)和纯聚合物电解质(下)进行加热测试[55]
Figure 5. (a) Photographs of composite electrolytes with 0 dimensional particles and three dimensional framework before and after heating at 400 ℃ for 2 h[48]; (b) heating experiments operated at 150 ℃ for 3 h on the three dimensional composite electrolyte (top) and pure polymer electrolyte (bottom)[55].
图 6 (a) 以零维颗粒和三维骨架为无机填料的复合电解质进行燃烧测试[38]; (b) 对商用隔膜和具有三维骨架的复合电解质进行燃烧测试[43]
Figure 6. (a) Flammability test of composite electrolytes with 0-dimensional particles and three-dimensional framework[38]; (b) flammability test of commercial separator and composite electrolyte with three-dimensional framework[43].
图 7 模板法制备三维骨架 (a) 以细菌纤维素为模板制备三维骨架的合成过程示意图[49]; (b) 以海绵作为模板制备三维骨架的合成过程示意图[53]; (c) 采用Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12/PEO的LiFePO4-Li全固态电池在0.2 C下的循环性能[53]
Figure 7. Template method to prepare three-dimensional skeleton: (a) Schematic demonstrating of the procedure to prepare three-dimensional skeleton with bacteria cellulose as a template[49]; (b) schematic illustration for the synthesis of three-dimensional skeleton with sponge as a template[53]; (c) cycle performance of LiFePO4|Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12/PEO|Li battery at 0.2 C[53].
图 8 (a) 静电纺丝陶瓷-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮纳米纤维的装置示意图[38]; (b) 静电纺丝法制备纤维增强的聚合物电解质示意图[38]; (c) 纺织纳米纤维网络的扫描电子显微镜图像[38]; (d) 三维骨架网络的扫描电子显微镜图像[38]; (e) 溶液喷涂法制备复合电解质膜示意图[51]
Figure 8. (a) Schematic setup of electrospinning garnet-PVP nanofibers[38]; (b) schematic procedure to fabricate the FRPC lithium-ion–conducting membrane[38]; (c) SEM images of the as-spun nanofiber network[38]; (d) SEM image of the garnet nanofiber network[38]; (e) schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of the composite electrolyte film prepared by solution spraying method[51].
图 9 (a) 溶胶–凝胶法制备复合电解质的示意图[42]; (b) 3D打印法制备复合电解质的示意图及各阶段相应的SEM图像[52]
Figure 9. (a) Schematic representation of the synthesis of composite electrolytes generated by sol-gel method[42]; (b) schematic of the templating procedure used for the synthesis of structured composite electrolyte, generated by 3D printing. Corresponding SEM images of each synthesis stage are included below each schematic[52].
图 10 (a) LFMP |PVCA-LSnPS|Li和LFMP|LSnPS|Li电池扫描电子显微镜截面图[44]; (b) LFMP |PVCA-LSnPS|Li和LFMP|LSnPS|Li电池恒电流充放电曲线[44]
Figure 10. (a) The SEM cross-sectional view of LFMP |PVCA-LSnPS|Li cell and LFMP|LSnPS|Li cell[44]; (b) galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of LFMP|PVCA-LSnPS|Li cell and LFMP|LSnPS|Li cell[44].
表 1 不同方法制备三维骨架的优缺点
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of three-dimensional framework prepared by different methods.
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[1] Goodenough J B, Park K S 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 1167Google Scholar
[2] Ellingsen L A W, Hung C R, Majeau Bettez G, Singh B, Chen Z, Whittingham M S, Strømman A H 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 1039Google Scholar
[3] Manthiram A, Yu X W, Wang S F 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater. 2 16103Google Scholar
[4] Liu J, Bao Z N, Cui Y, Dufek E J, Goodenough J B, Khalifah P, Li Q Y, Liaw B Y, Liu P, Manthiram A, Meng Y S, Subramanian V R, Toney M F, Viswanathan V V, Whittingham M S, Xiao J, Xu W, Yang J H, Yang X Q, Zhang J G 2019 Nat. Energy 4 180Google Scholar
[5] Sun C W, Liu J, Gong Y D, Wilkinson D P, Zhang J J 2017 Nano Energy 33 363Google Scholar
[6] Wu X H, Pan K C, Jia M M, Ren Y F, He H Y, Zhang L, Zhang S J 2019 Green Energy Environ. 4 360Google Scholar
[7] Yue L P, Ma J, Zhang J J, Zhao J W, Dong S M, Liu Z H, Cui G L, Chen L Q 2016 Energy Storage Mater. 5 139Google Scholar
[8] Zeng X X, Yin Y X, Li N W, Du W C, Guo Y G, Wan L J 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 15825Google Scholar
[9] Zhu P, Yan C Y, Dirican M, Zhu J D, Zang J, Selvan R K, Chung C C, Jia H, Li Y, Kiyak Y, Wu N Q, Zhang X W 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 4279Google Scholar
[10] Croce F, Appetecchi G B, Persi L, Scrosati B 1998 Nature 394 456Google Scholar
[11] Wu J F, Guo X 2017 Solid State Ionics 310 38Google Scholar
[12] Wu J F, Pang W K, Peterson V K, Wei L, Guo X 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 12461Google Scholar
[13] Yang L Y, Wang Z J, Feng Y C, Tan R, Zuo Y X, Gao R G, Zhao Y, Han L, Wang Z Q, Pan F 2017 Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1701437Google Scholar
[14] Xuefu S, Nemori H, Mitsuoka S, Xu P, Matsui M, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O, Imanishi N 2016 Front. Energy Res. 4 1Google Scholar
[15] Dietrich C, Weber D A, Sedlmaier S J, Indris S, Culver S P, Walter D, Janek J, Zeier W G 2017 J. Mater. Chem. A 5 18111Google Scholar
[16] Ohtomo T, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M, Tsuchida Y, Hama S, Kawamoto K 2013 J. Power Sources 233 231Google Scholar
[17] Kamaya N, Homma K, Yamakawa Y, Hirayama M, Kanno R, Yonemura M, Kamiyama T, Kato Y, Hama S, Kawamoto K, Mitsui A 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 682Google Scholar
[18] Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, Suzuki K, Hirayama M, Mitsui A, Yonemura M, Iba H, Kanno R 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16030Google Scholar
[19] Li Y T, Xu B Y, Xu H H, Duan H N, Lü X J, Xin S, Zhou W D, Xue L G, Fu G T, Manthiram A, Goodenough J B 2017 Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 56 753Google Scholar
[20] Zhou W D, Wang S F, Li Y T, Xin S, Manthiram A, Goodenough J B 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 9385Google Scholar
[21] Zhang J J, Zhao J H, Yue L P, Wang Q F, Chai J C, Liu Z H, Zhou X H, Li H, Guo Y G, Cui G L, Chen L Q 2015 Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1501082Google Scholar
[22] Yu X R, Wang L L, Ma J, Sun X W, Zhou X H, Cui G L 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 1903939Google Scholar
[23] Liu W, Lee S W, Lin D C, Shi F F, Wang S, Sendek A D, Cui Y 2017 Nat. Energy 2 17035Google Scholar
[24] Gong Y, Fu K, Xu S, Dai J, Hamann T R, Zhang L, Hitz G T, Fu Z, Ma Z, McOwen D W, Han X, Hu L B, Wachsman E D 2018 Mater. Today 21 594Google Scholar
[25] Zhai H W, Xu P Y, Ning M Q, Cheng Q, Mandal J, Yang Y 2017 Nano Lett. 17 3182Google Scholar
[26] Ban X Y, Zhang W Q, Chen N, Sun C W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 9852Google Scholar
[27] Li D, Chen L, Wang T S, Fan L Z 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 7069Google Scholar
[28] Li Z, Sha W X, Guo X 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 26920Google Scholar
[29] Kotobuki M, Suzuki Y, Munakata H, Kanamura K, Sato Y, Yamamoto K, Yoshida T 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A493Google Scholar
[30] Gowda S R, Reddy A L M, Shaijumon M M, Zhan X B, Ci L J, Ajayan P M 2011 Nano Lett. 11 101Google Scholar
[31] Xie X, Hu L B, Pasta M, Wells G F, Kong D, Criddle C S, Cui Y 2011 Nano Lett. 11 291Google Scholar
[32] Jia H P, Gao P F, Yang J, Wang J L, Nuli Y, Yang Z 2011 Adv. Energy Mater. 1 1036Google Scholar
[33] Bonnet Mercier N, Wong R A, Thomas M L, Dutta A, Yamanaka K, Yogi C, Ohta T, Byon H R 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7127Google Scholar
[34] Chen K, Shen Y, Zhang Y B, Lin Y H, Nan C W 2014 J. Power Sources 249 306
[35] Xu J T, Chou S L, Zhou C F, Gu Q F, Liu H K, Dou S X 2014 J. Power Sources 246 124
[36] Zhu X B, Zhao T S, Wei Z H, Tan P, An L 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 3745Google Scholar
[37] Zhu X B, Zhao T S, Wei Z H, Tan P, Zhao G 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 2782Google Scholar
[38] Fu K, Gong Y H, Dai J Q, Gong A, Han X G, Yao Y G, Wang C W, Wang Y B, Chen Y N, Yan C Y, Li Y J, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 7094Google Scholar
[39] Fu K, Gong Y H, Hitz G T, McOwen D W, Li Y J, Xu S M, Wen Y, Zhang L, Wang C W, Pastel G, Dai J Q, Liu B Y, Xie H, Yao Y G, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 1568Google Scholar
[40] Jiang Z Y, Xia C R, Chen F L 2010 Electrochim. Acta 55 3595Google Scholar
[41] Cui G L 2020 Matter 2 805Google Scholar
[42] Bae J, Li Y T, Zhang J, Zhou X Y, Zhao F, Shi Y, Goodenough J B, Yu G H 2018 Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 57 2096Google Scholar
[43] Jiang T L, He P G, Wang G X, Shen Y, Nan C W, Fan L Z 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 1903376Google Scholar
[44] Ju J W, Wang Y T, Chen B B, Ma J, Dong S M, Chai J C, Qu H T, Cui L F, Wu X X, Cui G L 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 13588Google Scholar
[45] Liu W, Liu N, Sun J, Hsu P C, Li Y Z, Lee H W, Cui Y 2015 Nano Lett. 15 2740Google Scholar
[46] Wieczorek W, Such K, Wyciślik H, Płocharski J 1989 Solid State Ionics 36 255Google Scholar
[47] Wieczorek W, Florjanczyk Z, Stevens J R 1995 Electrochim. Acta 40 2251Google Scholar
[48] Bae J, Li Y T, Zhao F, Zhou X Y, Ding Y, Yu G H 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 15 46Google Scholar
[49] Xie H, Yang C P, Fu K, Yao Y G, Jiang F, Hitz E, Liu B Y, Wang S, Hu L L 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703474Google Scholar
[50] Wu J F, Chen E Y, Yu Y, Liu L, Wu Y, Pang W K, Peterson V K, Guo X 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 1542Google Scholar
[51] Palmer M J, Kalnaus S, Dixit M B, Westover A S, Hatzell K B, Dudney N J, Chen X C 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 26 242
[52] Zekoll S, Marriner Edwards C, Hekselman A K O, Kasemchainan J, Kuss C, Armstrong D E J, Cai D, Wallace R J, Richter F H, Thijssen J H J, Bruce P G 2018 Energy Environ. Sci. 11 185Google Scholar
[53] Cai D, Wang D H, Chen Y J, Zhang S Z, Wang X L, Xia X H, Tu J P 2020 Chem. Eng. J. 394 124993Google Scholar
[54] Xie Z H, Wu Z J, An X W, Yue X Y, Xiaokaiti P, Yoshida A, Abudula A, Guan G Q 2020 J. Membr. Sci. 596 117739Google Scholar
[55] Wang X Z, Zhang Y B, Zhang X, Liu T, Lin Y H, Li L L, Shen Y, Nan C W 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 24791Google Scholar
[56] Hitz G T, McOwen D W, Zhang L, Ma Z, Fu Z, Wen Y, Gong Y, Dai J, Hamann T R, Hu L, Wachsman E D 2019 Mater. Today 22 50Google Scholar
[57] Xu S M, McOwen D W, Zhang L, Hitz G T, Wang C W, Ma Z H, Chen C J, Luo W, Dai J Q, Kuang Y D, Hitz E M, Fu K, Gong Y H, Wachsman E D, Hu L 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 15 458Google Scholar
[58] Liu B, Zhang L, Xu S, McOwen D W, Gong Y, Yang C, Pastel G R, Xie H, Fu K, Dai J, Chen C, Wachsman E D, Hu L 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 14 376Google Scholar
[59] Yao P, Zhu B, Zhai H, Liao X, Zhu Y, Xu W, Cheng Q, Jayyosi C, Li Z, Zhu J, Myers K M, Chen X, Yang Y 2018 Nano Lett. 18 6113Google Scholar
[60] Han X G, Gong Y H, Fu K, He X F, Hitz G T, Dai J Q, Pearse A, Liu B Y, Wang H, Rubloff G, Mo Y, Thangadurai V, Wachsman E D, Hu L B 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 572Google Scholar
[61] Judez X, Eshetu G G, Li C, Rodriguez Martinez L M, Zhang H, Armand M 2018 Joule 2 2208Google Scholar
[62] Wang C, Wang T, Wang L L, Hu Z L, Cui Z L, Li J D, Dong S M, Zhou X H, Cui G L 2019 Adv. Sci. 6 1901036Google Scholar
[63] Huo H Y, Chen Y, Luo J, Yang X F, Guo X X, Sun X L 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1804004Google Scholar
[64] Chen L, Li W X, Fan L Z, Nan C W, Zhang Q 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 1901047Google Scholar
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