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In order to realize micron scale to millimeter scale phase structure analysis, as well as accurate phase structure analysis of surface uneven samples, X-ray diffractometer named Hawk-II, which can adaptively adjust the diameter of irradiated X-ray beam spot according to the diameter of internal tangential circle at the measured point, is developed by combining X-ray diffraction technology, CCD camera imaging technology and slightly-focusing ploycapillary X-ray control technology. The X-ray source system, six-dimensional linkage motion system, CCD camera, detection system and control system based on LabVIEW are the main components of the Hawk-II. Compared with the 3°–5° divergence of the conventional X-ray source, the divergence of the X-ray emitted by the slightly-focusing polycapillary X-ray optics is only about 0.15° and also the intensity within the beam spot range is dozens of times stronger. Therefore, the shift of peak position will not appear due to the pores, curvature or uneven surface of the sample, when Hawk-II is used to analyze the samples with irregular surface. The diffraction pattern of the uneven Ren Min Bi five-cent coin are collected in the Hawk-II and PANalytical X-Pert Pro MPD conventional X-ray diffractometer respectively. By comparing the analysis results, it is found that the diffraction peaks measured by the X-Pert Pro MPD are shifted seriously, with a maximum deviation angle of 0.52°. While the diffraction peaks detected by the Hawk-II are basically consistent with the data from the standard PDF card, which verifies the advantages of the analysis of irregular samples by the Hawk-II. In order to explore the difference between different beam spots used for analysis at the same point, red and green porcelain fired in Qing dynasty and GaAs-based Cu and Fe plated films are analyzed by the Hawk-II. It is found that when the samples are relatively uniform, the intensities of diffraction peaks of different beam spots are relatively close, while when the samples are not uniform, the diffraction peaks vary greatly. Especially, some microcrystalline phases can be detected only with large beam spots. In addition, to verify the adaptive functionality of the Hawk-II, a bronze from the Western Han Dynasty, with different rust spots on it, is tested. It is found that the Hawk-II can adjust the beam spot size according to the different corrosion points, making the irradiation area coincide with the area to be analysed and the phase structure detected more accurately. Therefore, the Hawk-II is a general purpose X-ray diffractometer, which has the analytical capability from micron scale to millimeter scale and the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis function. Moreover, it has the advantages of the accurate analysis of irregular samples, fast detection speed, simple operation, etc. Based on the above analysis, the Hawk-II will be widely used in different fields.
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[2] Zhou X, Liu D, Bu H, Deng L, Liu H, Yuan P, Du P, Song H 2018 Solid Earth 3 16
[3] Thota S, Kashyap S C, Sharma S K, Reddy V R 2016 Mater. Sci. Eng., B 206 69
[4] Dappe V, Uzu G, Schreck E, Wu L, Li X, Dumat C, Moreau M, Hanoune B, Ro C, Sobanska S 2018 Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9 697
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图 1 透镜束斑大小(FWHM)与探测点到透镜出口端距离(F)之间的关系
Figure 1. The FWHM of X-ray beam spots varied with the distances (F) from the measured spots to the exit of polycapillary X-ray optics.
图 2 毛细管微会聚X光透镜聚焦X射线的束斑变化示意图
Figure 2. Diagram of changes in beam spot size of X-ray focus by the slightly-focusing polycapillary X-ray optics.
图 3 点光源的自适应束斑X射线衍射仪(Hawk-II)结构示意图
Figure 3. The schematic diagram of adaptive beam spot X-ray diffractometer with point source (Hawk-II).
图 4 加Ni吸收片和不加Ni吸收片两种条件下的X射线散射谱
Figure 4. X-ray scattering spectra with and without Ni filter.
图 5 Si (1 1 1), Si (4 0 0)和GaAs (4 1 1)的衍射图
Figure 5. The XRD patterns of Si (1 1 1), Si (4 0 0) and GaAs (4 1 1) crystals.
图 6 人民币五角硬币及其测试点
Figure 6. The RMB 5 Jiao coin and the detected point.
图 7 两种衍射仪测量人民币五角硬币的衍射图
Figure 7. The XRD patterns of the RMB 5 Jiao coin measured by two kinds of diffractometers.
图 8 清代红绿彩瓷白釉不同照射束斑的衍射图对比
Figure 8. The comparison of XRD patterns of Qing Dynasty red and green porcelain white glaze with different beam spots.
图 9 GaAs为基底表面镀Cu和Fe的纳米薄膜在不同照射束斑下的衍射图对比
Figure 9. The comparison of XRD patterns of GaAs based Cu and Fe plated film with different beam spots.
图 10 西汉青铜及其测试点
Figure 10. A piece of bronze produced in western Han Dynasty and the detected points.
图 11 西汉青铜表面锈蚀区域和截面的XRD图
Figure 11. XRD patterns of corrosion area and section of bronze surface of Western Han Dynasty.
表 1 Si (1 1 1), Si (4 0 0)和GaAs (4 1 1)的测量数据对比
Table 1. The comparison of measurement data of Si (1 1 1), Si (4 0 0) and GaAs (4 1 1).
参考数据 测量数据 PDF卡 2θ/(°) (h k l) 2θ/(°) Si(JCPDS 75-0590) 28.443 (1 1 1) 28.441 Si(JCPDS 75-0590) 69.131 (4 0 0) 69.136 GaAs(JCPDS 29-0615) 90.141 (5 1 1) 90.132 
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表 2 两种衍射仪的实验条件对比
Table 2. Measurement conditions of two diffractometers.
Hawk-II X-pert-pro-MPD 靶材料 Cu Cu 单色器 Ni吸收片 Ni吸收片 束斑尺寸/mm 1.3 × 1.3 1 × 10 电压/kV 40 40 电流/mA 40 40 步距角/(°) 0.15 0.03 探测时间/s 2 20
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表 3 各探测点的X射线束斑直径
Table 3. X-ray Beam diameter of each detected points.
锈蚀点 照射X射线束斑直径/μm 绿锈 1300 红锈 680 黑锈 1000 截面 800
DownLoad: CSV
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[1] Dikmen G, Alver Ö, Parlak C 2018 Chem. Phys. Lett. 698 114
[2] Zhou X, Liu D, Bu H, Deng L, Liu H, Yuan P, Du P, Song H 2018 Solid Earth 3 16
[3] Thota S, Kashyap S C, Sharma S K, Reddy V R 2016 Mater. Sci. Eng., B 206 69
[4] Dappe V, Uzu G, Schreck E, Wu L, Li X, Dumat C, Moreau M, Hanoune B, Ro C, Sobanska S 2018 Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9 697
[5] Liu Z, Jia C, Li L, Li X L, Ji L Y, Wang L H, Lei Y, Wei X J 2018 J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 101 5229
Google Scholar
[6] Gordillo-Cruz E, Alvarez-Ramirez J, González F, Reyes J A 2018 Physica A 512 635
[7] Myoung J H, Lee D R, Sung H I, Jeong A Y, Chang Y S, Kim H J, Sun W J, Young W C, Young T H, Myung J K 2018 Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 130 143
[8] Nakai I, Abe Y 2012 Appl. Phys. A 106 279
Google Scholar
[9] 姜其立, 段泽明, 帅麒麟, 李融武, 潘秋丽, 程琳 2019 物理学报 68 124
Google Scholar
Jiang Q L, Duan Z M, Shuai Q L, Li R W, Pan Q L, Cheng L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 124
Google Scholar
[10] Noyan I C, Wang P C, Kaldor S K, Jordan-Sweet J L, Liniger E G 2000 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 1991
[11] 陈俊, 赫业军, 李玉德, 魏富忠, 王大椿, 罗萍, 颜一鸣 1999 核技术 22 3
Google Scholar
Chen J, He Y J, Li Y D, Wei F Z, Wang D C, Luo P, Yan Y M 1999 Nucl. Tech. 22 3
Google Scholar
[12] Pradell T, Molera J, Salvadó N, Labrador A 2010 Appl. Phys. A 99 407
Google Scholar
[13] Alfeld M, Janssens K, Dik J, Nolf W, Snickt G 2011 J. Anal. Atom. Spect. 26 899
Google Scholar
[14] 段泽明, 刘俊, 姜其立, 潘秋丽, 李融武, 程琳 2019 光谱学与光谱分析 39 303
Google Scholar
Duan Z M, Liu J, Jiang Q L, Pan Q L, Li R W, Cheng L 2019 Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 39 303
Google Scholar
[15] Hodoroaba V D, Radtke M, Reinholz U, Riesemeier H, Vincze L, Reuter D 2011 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 269 1493
Google Scholar
[16] 徐晓明, 苗伟, 陶琨 2014 物理学报 63 136001
Google Scholar
Xu X M, Miao W, Tao K 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 136001
Google Scholar
[17] Yang J, Tsuji K C, Lin X Y, Han D Y, Ding X L 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 3357
Google Scholar
[18] 罗武干, 秦颍, 黄凤春, 胡雅丽, 王昌燧 2007 腐蚀科学与防护技术 19 157
Google Scholar
Luo W G, Qin Y, Huang F C, Hu Y L, Wang C S 2007 Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol. 19 157
Google Scholar
[19] 金普军, 秦颍, 龚明, 李涛, 朱铁权, 胡雅丽, 王昌燧 2007 中国腐蚀与防护学报 27 162
Google Scholar
Jin P J, Qin Y, Gong M, Li T, Zhu T Q, Hu Y L, Wang C S 2007 Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol. 27 162
Google Scholar
[20] Bastidas J M, Alonso M P, Mora E M, Chico B 1995 Mater. Corros. 46 515
[21] 钟家让 2004 山西大学学报(自然科学版) 27 47
Google Scholar
Zhong J R 2004 J. Shanxi Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 27 47
Google Scholar
[22] 祝鸿范, 周浩 1999 电化学 5 314
Google Scholar
Zhu H F, Zhou H 1999 Electrochemistry 5 314
Google Scholar
[23] 周浩, 祝鸿范, 蔡兰坤 2005 文物保护与考古科学 17 22
Google Scholar
Zhou H, Zhu H F, Cai L K 2005 Sci. Conserv. Archaeol 17 22
Google Scholar
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