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Owing to highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonal structure, large surface area, variable pore size, high thermal stability and especially the electron delocalization energy determined by its frame structure, SBA-15 catalysts have received more and more researchers’ attention. By using the structure-directing agent of P123 and the silicon source of TEOS, we synthesize ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15. At the same time, ordered mesoporous carbon OMC is succefully synthesized with the template of SBA-15. The small angle X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements are conducted to verify the highly ordered pore structure and relatively high specific surface area of SBA-15 and OMC, and their average pore radius are about 7.5 nm and 3.3 nm, respectively. Positron lifetime spectrum of SBA-15 catalyst is composed of two longer lifetimes and two shorter lifetimes: two longer lifetimes
$ {\tau }_{3} $ and$ {\tau }_{4} $ are the annihilation in micropore and large pore of positronium (Ps), are 7.5 ns and 106 ns. However, there is nearly no longer lifetime component in OMC, which indicates that there might exist the quenching or inhibiting of positronium by carbon material. To verify this guess, we synthesize the catalysts of OMC/SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15 and CuO@SBA-15 by the solid state reaction and the impregnation filling method. With the increasing of OMC and CuO content, both the o-Ps lifetime$ {\tau }_{4} $ and its intensity$ {I}_{4} $ of these three compounds decrease. The annihilation rate of o-Ps lifetime varying with OMC and CuO content can be better fitted by one or two straight lines, The values of reaction rate constant K in OMC/SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15 and CuO@SBA-15 are$(2.39\pm $ $ 0.44)\times {10}^{7}~{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ /$(6.65\pm 0.94)\times {10}^{6}~{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ ,$(2.28\pm 0.19)\times {10}^{7}~{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ , and$(8.76\pm 0.47)\times {10}^{6}~{\mathrm{s}}^{-1},$ respectively. Therefore, our results indicate that there are quenching effect and inhibition effect among the carbon, the CuO and the positronium, which lead$ {\tau }_{4} $ and$ {I}_{4} $ to decrease, and positronium is also a probe for detecting the pore structure of porous material.-
Keywords:
- positron annihilation spectrum /
- ordered mesoporous material /
- positronium /
- chemical quenching
[1] Veisi H, Ozturk T, Karmakar B, Tamoradi T, Hemmati S 2020 Carbohydr. Polym. 235 115966
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[3] Tamoradi T, Daraie M, Heravi M M, Karmakar B 2020 New J. Chem. 44 11049
Google Scholar
[4] Tamoradi T, Daraie M, Heravi M M 2020 Appl. Organomet Chem. 34 5538
Google Scholar
[5] Rehman F, Volpe P L O, Airoldi C 2014 J. Environ. Manage. 133 135
Google Scholar
[6] Xu Y, Hu E, Xu D, Guo Q 2021 Sep. Purif. Technol. 274 119081
Google Scholar
[7] Cao T, Wang C, Zhou Z, Liu L, Xu S, Song H, Lin W, Xu Z 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 552 149487
Google Scholar
[8] El-Denglawey A, Mubarak M F, Selim H 2021 Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 47 455
Google Scholar
[9] Yu N Y, Wu K, Tao L 2021 Chemosphere 276 130112
Google Scholar
[10] Kumaravel S, Thiripuranthagan S, Vembuli T, Erusappan E, Durai M, Sureshkumar T, Durai M 2021 Optik 235 166599
Google Scholar
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[12] Yang H C, Lin H Y, Chien Y S, Wu J C S, Wu H H 2009 Catal. Lett. 131 381
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[13] He J H, Xie T P, Luo T H, Xu Q, Ye F, An J B, Yang J, Wang J K 2021 Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 216 112189
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[14] Poonia E, Duhan S, Kumar K, Kumar A, Jakhar S, Tomer V K 2018 J. Porous Ma. 26 553
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[15] Sharma S K, Sudarshan K, Sen D, Pujari P K 2019 J. Solid State Chem. 274 10
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[16] Jean Y C, Mallon P E, Schrader D M 2003 Principles and Applications of Positron & Positronium Chemistry (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing)
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[18] Tao S J 1972 J. Chem. Phys. 56 5499
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[19] Eldrup M, Lightbody D, Sherwood J N 1981 Chem. Phys. 63 51
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[20] Hyodo T, Nakayama T, Saito H, Saito F, Wada K 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (c) 6 2497
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[21] Varisov A Z, Grafutin V I, Zaluzhnyi A G, Ilyukhina O V, Myasishcheva G G, Prokop'ev E P, Timoshenkov S P, Funtikov Y V 2008 J. Surf. Ingestig. 2 959
Google Scholar
[22] Kim T W, Ryoo R, Gierszal K P, Jaroniec M, Solovyov L A, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O 2005 J. Mater. Chem. 15 1560
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[23] Zhang H J, Chen Z Q, Wang S J, Kawasuso A, Morishita N 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 035439
Google Scholar
[24] Sagara A, Yabe H, Chen X, Vereecken P M, Uedono A 2020 Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 295 109964
Google Scholar
[25] Zhao D Y, Feng J L, Huo Q S, Melosh N, Fredrickson G H, Chmelka B F, Stucky Galen D 1998 Science 279 548
Google Scholar
[26] Jun S, Joo S H, Ryoo R, Kruk M, Jaroniec M, Liu Z, Ohsuna T, Terasaki O 2000 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 10712
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[27] Brunauer S, Emmett P H, Teller E 1938 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 309
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Google Scholar
[34] Saito H, Hyodo T 1999 Phys. Rev. B 60 11070
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[36] Sudarshan K, Patil P N, Goswami A, Pillai K T, Pujari P K 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (c) 6 2552
Google Scholar
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图 1 有序介孔碳和其模板二氧化硅的小角X射线衍射谱图
Figure 1. Small angle X-ray diffraction measurement of synthesized ordered mesoporous carbon and its template silica.
图 2 有序介孔碳和其模板二氧化硅的扫描电子显微镜照片及介孔碳的电子衍射谱
Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy and electron diffraction spectroscopy measurement of synthesized ordered mesoporous carbon and its template silica.
图 3 有序介孔碳和其模板二氧化硅的高分辨透射电子显微镜图
Figure 3. High resolution transmission electron microscopy measurement of synthesized ordered mesoporous carbon and its template silica.
图 4 有序介孔碳、其模板二氧化硅及CuO质量分数分别为1%, 1.5%, 2%的CuO@SBA-15复合材料的N2吸附/脱附等温线及相应的孔径分布(STP代表标准状况)
Figure 4. N2 adsorption and desorption measurement of synthesized ordered mesoporous carbon, its template silica and CuO@SBA-15 composite materials with the CuO weight content of 1%, 1.5%, 2% (STP, standard temperature and pressure)
图 5 二氧化硅模板和有序介孔碳经归一化峰处理后的正电子湮没寿命谱图, 其中每道时间值为50.3 ps
Figure 5. Positron annihilation lifetime spectrum of the normalized peak of synthesized ordered mesoporous carbon and its template silica, the time value of each channel (time/ch) is 50.3 ps.
图 6 不同CuO质量分数的CuO@SBA-15复合材料中o-Ps寿命
$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ 及其强度$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ 的变化Figure 6. Variation of
$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ ,$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ with the weight content of CuO in CuO@SBA-15 components.
图 7 不同CuO质量分数的CuO@SBA-15复合材料中
$ S $ 参数的变化Figure 7. Variation of
$ S $ parameter with the weight content of CuO in CuO@SBA-15 components.
图 8 不同CuO质量分数的CuO@SBA-15复合材料中
$ {\lambda }_{4} $ ($ 1/{\tau }_{4} $ )的变化Figure 8. Variation of
$ {\lambda }_{4} $ ($ 1/{\tau }_{4}) $ with the weight content of CuO in CuO@SBA-15 components.
图 9 不同OMC质量分数的OMC/ SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15复合材料中o-Ps寿命
$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ ,${\tau }_{3}'$ ,${\tau }_{4}'$ 的变化, 其中$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ 为浸渍填充法制备OMC@SBA-15复合材料的测试结果,${\tau }_{3}'$ ,${\tau }_{4}'$ 为固相混合法制备OMC/SBA-15复合材料的测试结果Figure 9. Variation of
$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ ,${\tau }_{3}'$ ,${\tau }_{4}'$ parameter with the weight content of OMC in OMC/SBA-15 and OMC@SBA-15 components.$ {\tau }_{3} $ ,$ {\tau }_{4} $ for the results of OMC@SBA-15 component synthesized by impregnation method,${\tau }_{3}'$ ,${\tau }_{4}'$ for that of OMC/SBA-15 component synthesized by solid state method.
图 10 不同OMC质量分数的OMC/SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15复合材料中o-Ps寿命强度
$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ ,${I}_{3}'$ ,${I}_{4}'$ 的变化, 其中$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ 为浸渍填充法制备OMC@SBA-15复合材料的测试结果,${I}_{3}'$ ,${I}_{4}'$ 为固相混合法制备OMC/SBA-15复合材料的测试结果Figure 10. Variation of the intensity of o-Ps lifetime
$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ ,${I}_{3}'$ ,${I}_{4}'$ parameter with the weight content of OMC in OMC/SBA-15 and OMC@SBA-15 components.$ {I}_{3} $ ,$ {I}_{4} $ for the results of OMC@SBA-15 component synthesized by impregnation method,${I}_{3}'$ ,${I}_{4}'$ for that of OMC/SBA-15 component synthesized by solid state method.
图 11 不同OMC质量分数的OMC/SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15复合材料中
$ {\lambda }_{4} $ ($ 1/{\tau }_{4} $ ),${\lambda }_{4}'\,(1/{\tau }_{4}')$ 的变化, 其中$ {\lambda }_{4} $ ($ 1/{\tau }_{4} $ )为浸渍填充法制备OMC@SBA-15复合材料的测试结果, 而${{\lambda }_{4}'\, (1/{\tau }_{4}')}$ 为固相混合法制备OMC/SBA-15复合材料的测试结果Figure 11. Variation of the intensity of o-Ps lifetime
${\lambda }_{4}\,(1/{\tau }_{4})$ ,${\lambda }_{4}'\, (1/{\tau }_{4}')$ parameter with the weight content of OMC in OMC/SBA-15 and OMC@SBA-15 components.${\lambda }_{4}\,(1/{\tau }_{4})$ or the results of OMC@SBA-15 component synthesized by impregnation method,${\lambda }_{4}'\, (1/{\tau }_{4}')$ for that of OMC/SBA-15 component synthesized by solid state method.
图 12 不同OMC质量分数的OMC/SBA-15, OMC@SBA-15复合材料中
$ S $ 和${S}{'}$ 参数的变化, 其中$ S $ 为浸渍填充法制备OMC@SBA-15复合材料的测试结果, 而${S}{'}$ 为固相混合法制备OMC/SBA-15复合材料的测试结果Figure 12. Variation of the intensity of o-Ps lifetime
$ S $ ,${S}{'}$ parameter with the weight content of OMC in OMC/SBA-15 and OMC@SBA-15 components.$ S $ or the results of OMC@SBA-15 synthesized by impregnation method,${S}{'}$ for that of OMC/SBA-15 synthesized by solid state method. -
[1] Veisi H, Ozturk T, Karmakar B, Tamoradi T, Hemmati S 2020 Carbohydr. Polym. 235 115966
Google Scholar
[2] Veisi H, Tamoradi T, Karmakar B, Hemmati S 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 138 109256
Google Scholar
[3] Tamoradi T, Daraie M, Heravi M M, Karmakar B 2020 New J. Chem. 44 11049
Google Scholar
[4] Tamoradi T, Daraie M, Heravi M M 2020 Appl. Organomet Chem. 34 5538
Google Scholar
[5] Rehman F, Volpe P L O, Airoldi C 2014 J. Environ. Manage. 133 135
Google Scholar
[6] Xu Y, Hu E, Xu D, Guo Q 2021 Sep. Purif. Technol. 274 119081
Google Scholar
[7] Cao T, Wang C, Zhou Z, Liu L, Xu S, Song H, Lin W, Xu Z 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 552 149487
Google Scholar
[8] El-Denglawey A, Mubarak M F, Selim H 2021 Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 47 455
Google Scholar
[9] Yu N Y, Wu K, Tao L 2021 Chemosphere 276 130112
Google Scholar
[10] Kumaravel S, Thiripuranthagan S, Vembuli T, Erusappan E, Durai M, Sureshkumar T, Durai M 2021 Optik 235 166599
Google Scholar
[11] Chang Q, Yang S, Xue C, Li N, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang H, Yang J, Hu S 2019 Nanoscale 11 7247
Google Scholar
[12] Yang H C, Lin H Y, Chien Y S, Wu J C S, Wu H H 2009 Catal. Lett. 131 381
Google Scholar
[13] He J H, Xie T P, Luo T H, Xu Q, Ye F, An J B, Yang J, Wang J K 2021 Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 216 112189
Google Scholar
[14] Poonia E, Duhan S, Kumar K, Kumar A, Jakhar S, Tomer V K 2018 J. Porous Ma. 26 553
Google Scholar
[15] Sharma S K, Sudarshan K, Sen D, Pujari P K 2019 J. Solid State Chem. 274 10
Google Scholar
[16] Jean Y C, Mallon P E, Schrader D M 2003 Principles and Applications of Positron & Positronium Chemistry (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing)
[17] Sing K S, Everett D H, Haul R A W, Moscou L, Pierotti R A, Rouquerol J 1985 Pure Appl. Chem. 57 603
Google Scholar
[18] Tao S J 1972 J. Chem. Phys. 56 5499
Google Scholar
[19] Eldrup M, Lightbody D, Sherwood J N 1981 Chem. Phys. 63 51
Google Scholar
[20] Hyodo T, Nakayama T, Saito H, Saito F, Wada K 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (c) 6 2497
Google Scholar
[21] Varisov A Z, Grafutin V I, Zaluzhnyi A G, Ilyukhina O V, Myasishcheva G G, Prokop'ev E P, Timoshenkov S P, Funtikov Y V 2008 J. Surf. Ingestig. 2 959
Google Scholar
[22] Kim T W, Ryoo R, Gierszal K P, Jaroniec M, Solovyov L A, Sakamoto Y, Terasaki O 2005 J. Mater. Chem. 15 1560
Google Scholar
[23] Zhang H J, Chen Z Q, Wang S J, Kawasuso A, Morishita N 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 035439
Google Scholar
[24] Sagara A, Yabe H, Chen X, Vereecken P M, Uedono A 2020 Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 295 109964
Google Scholar
[25] Zhao D Y, Feng J L, Huo Q S, Melosh N, Fredrickson G H, Chmelka B F, Stucky Galen D 1998 Science 279 548
Google Scholar
[26] Jun S, Joo S H, Ryoo R, Kruk M, Jaroniec M, Liu Z, Ohsuna T, Terasaki O 2000 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 10712
Google Scholar
[27] Brunauer S, Emmett P H, Teller E 1938 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 309
Google Scholar
[28] Barrett E P, Joyner L G, Halenda P P 1951 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73 373
Google Scholar
[29] Davis M E 2002 Nature 417 813
Google Scholar
[30] Paulin P R, Ambrosino G 1968 J. Phys. France 29 263
Google Scholar
[31] Dull T L, Frieze W E, Gidley D W, 2001 J. Phys. Chem. B 105 4657
Google Scholar
[32] Goworek T, Jasinska B, Wawryszczuk J 1998 Chem. Phys. 230 305
Google Scholar
[33] Zhang H J, Chen Z Q, Wang S J 2012 J. Chem. Phys. 136 034701
Google Scholar
[34] Saito H, Hyodo T 1999 Phys. Rev. B 60 11070
Google Scholar
[35] Li C Y, Zhao B, Zhou B, Qi N, Chen Z Q, Zhou W 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 7659
Google Scholar
[36] Sudarshan K, Patil P N, Goswami A, Pillai K T, Pujari P K 2009 Phys. Status Solidi (c) 6 2552
Google Scholar
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