Research progress of bio-inspired radiative cooling

Yang Run-Heng; An Shun; Shang Wen; Deng Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211854

Abstract

As a new type of cooling technology, radiative cooling achieves temperature reduction through spectral regulation. Compared with the traditional active cooling technologies such as absorption-based cooling and compression-based cooling, the radiative cooling offers unique advantages, which are of great significance in environmental protection and energy utilization. First of all, the basic principle of radiative cooling and the radiative cooling within the natural biological systems are introduced in this review. The biological systems achieve their regulations of radiative cooling through controlling the materials, microstructures and behaviors in the systems, which also provide inspiration for us to explore new radiative cooling materials and devices. We also summarize the various mechanisms of radiative cooling in the biological systems and the optimization of such cooling structures. The recent research progress of bio-inspired radiative cooling is also presented. At the end, the outlook of the research directions, potential applications, and the material fabrication approaches for bio-inspired radiative cooling are discussed. The radiative cooling materials and devices with high power output and intelligent control should be an important development direction of bio-inspired radiative cooling in the future. With the integration of advanced micro/nano fabrication technology, bio-inspired radiative cooling will have a broader market and much room of applications in the future.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Shang Wen, shangwen@sjtu.edu.cn ; Deng Tao, dengtao@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51521004, 51973109, 51873105), the Scientific Reseach Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, China (Grant No. 2019-01-07-00-02-E00069), and the Center of Hydrogen Science of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.

FullText HTML

References

[1]	Raman A P, Anoma M A, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S 2014 Nature 515 540 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen Z, Zhu L, Raman AX, Fan S 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13729 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhu L, Raman A P, Fan S 2015 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 112 12282 Google Scholar
[4]	Hossain M M, Jia B, Gu M 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1047 Google Scholar
[5]	Mandal J, Fu Y, Overvig A C, Jia M, Sun K, Shi N N, Zhou H, Xiao X, Yu N, Yang Y 2018 Science 362 315 Google Scholar
[6]	Huang Z, Ruan X 2017 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 104 890 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhai Y, Ma Y, David S N, Zhao D, Lou R, Tan G, Yang R, Yin X 2017 Science 355 1062 Google Scholar
[8]	Gentle A R, Smith G B 2010 Nano Lett. 10 373 Google Scholar
[9]	Hsu P C, Song A Y, Catrysse P B, Liu C, Peng Y, Xie J, Fan S, Cui Y 2016 Science 353 1019 Google Scholar
[10]	Zeng S, Pian S, Su M, Wang Z, Wu M, Liu X, Chen M, Xiang Y, Wu J, Zhang M, Cen Q, Tang Y, Zhou X, Huang Z, Wang R, Tunuhe A, Sun X, Xia Z, Tian M, Chen M, Ma X, Yang L, Zhou J, Zhou H, Yang Q, Li X, Ma Y, Tao G 2021 Science 373 692 Google Scholar
[11]	Liu T, Takahara J 2017 Opt. Express 25 A612 Google Scholar
[12]	Zou C, Ren G, Hossain M M, Nirantar S, Withayachumnankul W, Ahmed T, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S, Gu M, Fumeaux C 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1700460 Google Scholar
[13]	Yu H, Zhang H, Dai Z, Xia X 2019 ES Energy Environ. 6 69 Google Scholar
[14]	Yin X, Yang R, Tan G, Fan S 2020 Science 370 786 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhao B, Hu M, Ao X, Chen N, Pei G 2019 Appl. Energy 236 489 Google Scholar
[16]	Medina I, Newton E, Kearney M R, Mulder R A, Porter W P, Stuart-Fox D 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3610 Google Scholar
[17]	Shi N N, Tsai C C, Carter M J, Mandal J, Overvig A C, Sfeir M Y, Lu M, Craig C L, Bernard G D, Yang Y, Yu N 2018 Light-Sci. Appl. 7 37 Google Scholar
[18]	Lou C, An S, Yang R, Zhu H, Shen Q, Jiang M, Fu B, Tao P, Song C, Deng T, Shang W 2021 APL Photonics 6 036101 Google Scholar
[19]	Jeong S Y, Tso C Y, Wong Y M, Chao C Y H, Huang B 2020 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 206 110296 Google Scholar
[20]	Cheng Z, Han H, Wang F, Yan Y, Shi X, Liang H, Zhang X, Shuai Y 2021 Nano Energy 89 106377 Google Scholar
[21]	Li T, Zhai Y, He S, Gan W, Wei Z, Heidarinejad M, Dalgo D, Mi R, Zhao X, Song J, Dai J, Chen C, Aili A, Vellore A, Martini A, Yang R, Srebric J, Yin X, Hu L 2019 Science 364 760 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhao D, Aili A, Zhai Y, Xu S, Tan G, Yin X, Yang R 2019 Appl. Phys. Rev. 6 021306 Google Scholar
[23]	Chu S, Cui Y, Liu N 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 16 Google Scholar
[24]	Xie D, Yang Z, Liu X, Cui S, Zhou H, Fan T 2019 Soft Matter 15 4294 Google Scholar
[25]	Shi N N, Tsai C C, Camino F, Bernard G D, Yu N, Wehner R 2015 Science 349 298 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhang H, Ly K C S, Liu X, Chen Z, Yan M, Wu Z, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Fan T 2020 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117 14657 Google Scholar
[27]	Krishna A, Nie X, Warren A D, Llorente-Bousquets J E, Briscoe A D, Lee J 2020 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117 1566 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu X, Wang D, Yang Z, Zhou H, Zhao Q, Fan T 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900687 Google Scholar
[29]	Tsai C C, Childers R A, Shi N N, Ren C, Pelaez J N, Bernard G D, Pierce N E, Yu N 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 551 Google Scholar
[30]	Stuart-Fox D, Newton E, Clusella-Trullas S 2017 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372 20160345 Google Scholar
[31]	Krishna A, Lee J 2018 Nanosc. Microsc. Therm. Eng. 22 124 Google Scholar
[32]	Choi S H, Kim S W, Ku Z, Visbal-Onufrak M A, Kim S R, Choi K H, Ko H, Choi W, Urbas A M, Goo T W, Kim Y L 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 452 Google Scholar
[33]	Yang Z, Sun H, Xi Y, Qi Y, Mao Z, Wang P, Zhang J 2021 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 227 111101 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 辐射制冷原理及自然界中对仿生辐射制冷具有启发性的生物和材料 (a) 发生在地球表面的辐射热流示意图^[14]. P_solar, 地球表面对太阳辐射的吸收; P_rad, 地球表面发射的热辐射; P_atm, 地球表面对大气热辐射的吸收. (b) AM 1.5太阳光谱和典型的大气透明窗口^[15]. (c)−(h) 典型的具有辐射制冷特性的生物体和生物材料, 依次为具有不同近红外发射特性的鸟类^[16] (c), 彗星蛾蚕茧^[17] (d), 滴燕灰蝶及其红外图像^[18] (e), 撒哈拉沙漠银蚁^[19] (f), 人类皮肤褶皱及其结构示意图^[20] (g), 木材纤维^[21] (h)

Figure 1. Principles of radiative cooling and the nature organism that are inspirational for bio-inspired radiative cooling: (a) Schematic of radiative energy flows occurring at the terrestrial surfaces^[14]. P_solar, solar radiation absorbed by the terrestrial surfaces; P_rad, thermal radiation emitted by the terrestrial surfaces; P_atm, atmospheric thermal radiation absorbed by the terrestrial surfaces. (b) AM 1.5 solar spectrum and typical atmospheric window^[15]. (c)−(h) Typical organisms and biomaterials with radiative cooling properties: (c) Birds with different near-infrared (NIR) emissivity^[16]; (d) comet moth cocoon^[17]; (e) butterfly Rapala dioetas and its infrared image^[18]; (f) Saharan silver ant^[19]; (g) human skin and the structural schematic^[20]; (h) wood fiber^[21].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同种类昆虫的热调节生物结构　(a) 白甲虫Goliathus goliatus的体温调节机制^[24] (i)白甲虫的光学照片, (ii)鳞片的壳/空心圆筒结构的扫描电子显微镜图及横截面的透射电子显微镜图, (iii)壳/空心圆筒结构内部全反射示意图, 插图为不同入射角(θ₁和θ₂)下的薄膜干涉, (iv)中红外波段壳/空心圆筒结构、空心圆筒和实心圆筒的模拟反射光谱; (b) 撒哈拉沙漠银蚁Catagliphis bombycine^[25] (i)银蚁的光学照片和其头部的扫描电子显微镜图, (ii)密排三角形毛发的扫描电子显微镜图; (c) 天牛neocerambyx gigas^[26] (i) 天牛的光学照片, (ii)天牛绒毛的扫描电子显微镜图; (d) (i)四种不同蝶翅鳞片的“井字形”周期微结构模型及其(ii)在中红外波段的发射率^[27]; (e) 尖翅银灰蝶^[28] (i)光学照片, (ii)亮银色鳞片的扫描电子显微镜图, (iii)亮银色鳞片横截面的透射电子显微镜图

Figure 2. Thermoregulatory biological structure of different insect species. (a) Thermoregulatory mechanism of Goliathus goliatus^[24]: (i) Photograph of a male Goliathus goliatus; (ii) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the shell / hollow cylinder structure and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of cross-section; (iii) schematic of total reflection in the shell / hollow cylinder structure, inset is the thin-film interference at different incident angles (θ₁ and θ₂); (iv) simulated reflectance spectra of shell/hollow cylinder structure, hollow cylinders and solid cylinders in the mid-infrared (MIR) band. (b) Catagliphis bombycine^[25]: (i) Optical photograph and SEM frontal view of the head; (ii) SEM image of the dense triangular hair. (c) Neocerambyx gigas^[26]: (i) Optical photograph; (ii) SEM image of the fluffs covering on the forewing. (d) (i) Periodic microstructure models of four different butterfly wing scales and (ii) their emission spectrum in the mid-infrared band^[27]. (e) Butterfly Curetis acuta Moore^[28]: (i) Optical photograph; (ii) SEM image of the central part of a silver scale, (iii) cross section TEM image of the silver scales.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 仿生辐射制冷材料及其制备　(a) 天牛绒毛的仿生模型^[26] (i)从绒毛到仿生辐射制冷薄膜材料的生物启发示意图; (ii)仿生辐射制冷薄膜的结构及其对可见光的反射和红外发射特性. (b) 用于辐射热管理的(i)微尺度树状结构及(ii)发射光谱^[31]. (c) 彗星蛾蚕丝^[17] (i)蚕丝的光学显微镜图; (ii)蚕丝横截面的扫描电子显微镜图; (iii)含有高密度孔隙的再生丝素蛋白纤维(上)和聚偏二氟乙烯纤维(下)的横截面及纵截面的扫描电子显微镜图. (d) 对木材进行脱木素和致密化处理得到的辐射制冷结构材料^[21] (i)光学照片; (ii)对太阳光的散射和纤维素官能团分子振动导致的红外发射示意图. (e) 受天然纤维启发的辐射制冷材料^[33] (i) 棉花的光学照片及微观结构示意图; (ii) 两种微孔聚丙烯片材的顶部和横截面视图的显微照片; (iii) 微孔聚丙烯片材的反射和发射特性

Figure 3. Bio-inspired radiative cooling materials and the fabrication of such materials. (a) The bio-inspired model from neocerambyx gigas^[26]: (i) Bio-inspired schematic diagram from fluff to radiative cooling film; (ii) structure of the radiative cooling film and its reflection characteristics for visible light and infrared emission. (b) (i) Micro-tree structures and (ii) their emissivity spectrum for radiation thermal management^[31]. (c) Comet moth cocoon fibers^[17]: (i) Optical microscopy image; (ii) SEM image of the transverse cross-section of a comet moth silk fiber; (iii) SEM images of the cross-section and longitudinal-section of regenerated silk fiber (upper) and polyvinylidene difluoride fiber (lower) containing high-density pores. (d) Wood for radiative cooling^[21]: (i) Optical photograph; (ii) schematic of the wood structure in scattering solar irradiance and infrared emission caused by molecular vibration of cellulose functional groups. (e) Radiative cooling materials inspired by the natural fibers^[33]: (i) Photograph of raw cotton and the schematic of its microstructure; (ii) micrographs showing top and cross-section views of the macroporous PP/SBS sheet and PP/SEPS sheet; (iii) reflection and emission characteristics of the macroporous PP sheets.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Raman A P, Anoma M A, Zhu L, Rephaeli E, Fan S 2014 Nature 515 540 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen Z, Zhu L, Raman AX, Fan S 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13729 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhu L, Raman A P, Fan S 2015 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 112 12282 Google Scholar
[4]	Hossain M M, Jia B, Gu M 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1047 Google Scholar
[5]	Mandal J, Fu Y, Overvig A C, Jia M, Sun K, Shi N N, Zhou H, Xiao X, Yu N, Yang Y 2018 Science 362 315 Google Scholar
[6]	Huang Z, Ruan X 2017 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 104 890 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhai Y, Ma Y, David S N, Zhao D, Lou R, Tan G, Yang R, Yin X 2017 Science 355 1062 Google Scholar
[8]	Gentle A R, Smith G B 2010 Nano Lett. 10 373 Google Scholar
[9]	Hsu P C, Song A Y, Catrysse P B, Liu C, Peng Y, Xie J, Fan S, Cui Y 2016 Science 353 1019 Google Scholar
[10]	Zeng S, Pian S, Su M, Wang Z, Wu M, Liu X, Chen M, Xiang Y, Wu J, Zhang M, Cen Q, Tang Y, Zhou X, Huang Z, Wang R, Tunuhe A, Sun X, Xia Z, Tian M, Chen M, Ma X, Yang L, Zhou J, Zhou H, Yang Q, Li X, Ma Y, Tao G 2021 Science 373 692 Google Scholar
[11]	Liu T, Takahara J 2017 Opt. Express 25 A612 Google Scholar
[12]	Zou C, Ren G, Hossain M M, Nirantar S, Withayachumnankul W, Ahmed T, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S, Gu M, Fumeaux C 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1700460 Google Scholar
[13]	Yu H, Zhang H, Dai Z, Xia X 2019 ES Energy Environ. 6 69 Google Scholar
[14]	Yin X, Yang R, Tan G, Fan S 2020 Science 370 786 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhao B, Hu M, Ao X, Chen N, Pei G 2019 Appl. Energy 236 489 Google Scholar
[16]	Medina I, Newton E, Kearney M R, Mulder R A, Porter W P, Stuart-Fox D 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3610 Google Scholar
[17]	Shi N N, Tsai C C, Carter M J, Mandal J, Overvig A C, Sfeir M Y, Lu M, Craig C L, Bernard G D, Yang Y, Yu N 2018 Light-Sci. Appl. 7 37 Google Scholar
[18]	Lou C, An S, Yang R, Zhu H, Shen Q, Jiang M, Fu B, Tao P, Song C, Deng T, Shang W 2021 APL Photonics 6 036101 Google Scholar
[19]	Jeong S Y, Tso C Y, Wong Y M, Chao C Y H, Huang B 2020 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 206 110296 Google Scholar
[20]	Cheng Z, Han H, Wang F, Yan Y, Shi X, Liang H, Zhang X, Shuai Y 2021 Nano Energy 89 106377 Google Scholar
[21]	Li T, Zhai Y, He S, Gan W, Wei Z, Heidarinejad M, Dalgo D, Mi R, Zhao X, Song J, Dai J, Chen C, Aili A, Vellore A, Martini A, Yang R, Srebric J, Yin X, Hu L 2019 Science 364 760 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhao D, Aili A, Zhai Y, Xu S, Tan G, Yin X, Yang R 2019 Appl. Phys. Rev. 6 021306 Google Scholar
[23]	Chu S, Cui Y, Liu N 2017 Nat. Mater. 16 16 Google Scholar
[24]	Xie D, Yang Z, Liu X, Cui S, Zhou H, Fan T 2019 Soft Matter 15 4294 Google Scholar
[25]	Shi N N, Tsai C C, Camino F, Bernard G D, Yu N, Wehner R 2015 Science 349 298 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhang H, Ly K C S, Liu X, Chen Z, Yan M, Wu Z, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Fan T 2020 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117 14657 Google Scholar
[27]	Krishna A, Nie X, Warren A D, Llorente-Bousquets J E, Briscoe A D, Lee J 2020 P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 117 1566 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu X, Wang D, Yang Z, Zhou H, Zhao Q, Fan T 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900687 Google Scholar
[29]	Tsai C C, Childers R A, Shi N N, Ren C, Pelaez J N, Bernard G D, Pierce N E, Yu N 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 551 Google Scholar
[30]	Stuart-Fox D, Newton E, Clusella-Trullas S 2017 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372 20160345 Google Scholar
[31]	Krishna A, Lee J 2018 Nanosc. Microsc. Therm. Eng. 22 124 Google Scholar
[32]	Choi S H, Kim S W, Ku Z, Visbal-Onufrak M A, Kim S R, Choi K H, Ko H, Choi W, Urbas A M, Goo T W, Kim Y L 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 452 Google Scholar
[33]	Yang Z, Sun H, Xi Y, Qi Y, Mao Z, Wang P, Zhang J 2021 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 227 111101 Google Scholar

[1]	ZHAO Shijie, MA Haonan, LIU Xia. Research progress of regulation of physical properties of two-dimensional materials based on thermal scanning probe lithography. Acta Physica Sinica, 2025, 74(3): 038101. doi: 10.7498/aps.74.20241590
[2]	Wang Yu-Xiao, Cheng Ze-Shuai, Jiang Ke-Yang, Wei Lin-Yang, Li Xiu-Ming. Performance of adjustable multilayer film based on radiation cooling and electrochromism. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(21): 214401. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240863
[3]	Wang Tong, Wen Juan, Lü Kang, Chen Jian-Zhong, Wang Liang, Guo Xin. Bio-inspired sensory systems with integrated capabilities of sensing, data storage, and processing. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(14): 148702. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220281
[4]	Jiang Zi-Han, Ke Shuo, Zhu Ying, Zhu Yi-Xin, Zhu Li, Wan Chang-Jin, Wan Qing. Flexible neuromorphic transistors and their biomimetric sensing application. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(14): 147301. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220308
[5]	Guo Jin-Kun, Zhao Ze-Jia, Ling Jin-Zhong, Yuan Ying, Wang Xiao-Rui. Laser micro/nanomachining technology for soft matter. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(17): 174203. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220625
[6]	Chen Hao, Wang Cun-Hai, Cheng Zi-Ming, Wei Lin-Yang, Wang Fu-Qiang, Zhang Xin-Xin. Performance analysis of thermoelectric system based on radiative cooling and greenhouse effects. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(21): 214401. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210356
[7]	Li Geng-Lin, Jia Yue-Chen, Chen Feng. Research progress of photonics devices on lithium-niobate-on-insulator thin films. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(15): 157801. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200302
[8]	Liu Yang, Pan Deng, Chen Wen, Wang Wen-Qiang, Shen Hao, Xu Hong-Xing. Radiative heat transfer in nanophotonics: From thermal radiation enhancement theory to radiative cooling applications. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(3): 036501. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191906
[9]	Li Xiao-Nan, Guan Guo-Rong, Liu Yi-Kun, Liang Hao-Wen, Zhang Ai-Qin, Zhou Jian-Ying. Fabrication and physical measurement accuracy of nanoscale standard samples for vector beams confocal laser scanning microscopy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(14): 148102. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190252
[10]	Wang Peng-Wei, Liu Ming-Jie, Jiang Lei. Bioinspired multiscale interfacial materials with superwettability. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(18): 186801. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.186801
[11]	Min Ling-Li, Chen Song-yue, Sheng Zhi-Zhi, Wang Hong-Long, Wu Feng, Wang Miao, Hou Xu. Development and application of bio-inspired and biomimetic microfluidics. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(17): 178301. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.178301
[12]	Li Fang, Zhao Gang, Liu Wei-Xin, Zhang Shu, Bi Hong-Shi. Numerical simulation and experimental study on drag reduction performance of bionic jet hole shape. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(3): 034703. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.034703
[13]	Gu Yun-Qing, Mou Jie-Gang, Dai Dong-Shun, Zheng Shui-Hua, Jiang Lan-Fang, Wu Deng-Hao, Ren Yun, Liu Fu-Qing. Characteristics on drag reduction of bionic jet surface based on earthworm's back orifice jet. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(2): 024701. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.024701
[14]	Chang Song-Tao, Sun Zhi-Yuan, Zhang Yao-Yu, Zhu Wei. Internal stray radiation measurement for cooled infrared imaging systems. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(5): 050702. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.050702
[15]	Liu Fei-Fei, Wei Shou-Shui, Wei Chang-Zhi, Ren Xiao-Fei. Use of velocity source immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method to study bionic micro-fluidic driving model. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(19): 194704. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.194704
[16]	Hu Xing-Lei, Sun Ya-Zhou, Liang Ying-Chun, Chen Jia-Xuan. Performance evolution process of machined surface of monocrystalline silicon micro/nanostructures. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(22): 220704. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.220704
[17]	Wang Ben, Nian Jing-Yan, Tie Lu, Zhang Ya-Bin, Guo Zhi-Guang. Theoretical progress in designs of stable superhydrophobic surfaces. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(14): 146801. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.146801
[18]	Liu Song-Zuo, Qiao Gang, Yin Yan-Ling. Bionic underwater acoustic communication using dolphin sounds. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(14): 144303. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.144303
[19]	Liu Feng, Hu Xiao-Kun, Li Yan-Feng, Xing Qi-Rong, Hu Ming-Lie, Chai Lu, Wang Ching-Yue. GaP terahertz emitter with micro-pyramid anti-reflection layer. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(4): 040703. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.040703
[20]	Han Peng, Jin Kui-Juan, Zhou Yue-Liang, Zhou Qing-Li, Wang Xu, Zhao Song-Qing, Ma Zhong-Shui. Opto-thermionic refrigeration of semiconductor heterostructure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(9): 4345-4349. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.4345

Catalog

Vol. 71, Issue 2 - 2022-01-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 15098
PDF Downloads: 809
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板