Fabrication of superconducting qubits and auxiliary devices with niobium base layer

Su Fei-Fan; Yang Zhao-Hua; Zhao Shou-Kuan; Yan Hai-Sheng; Tian Ye; Zhao Shi-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211865

Abstract

Over the past two decades significant advances have been made in the research of superconducting quantum computing and quantum simulation, in particular of the device design and fabrication that leads to ever-increasing superconducting qubit coherence times and scales. With Google’s announcement of the realization of “quantum supremacy”, superconducting quantum computing has attracted even more attention. Superconducting qubits are macroscopic objects with quantum properties such as quantized energy levels and quantum-state superposition and entanglement. Their quantum states can be precisely manipulated by tuning the magnetic flux, charge, and phase difference of the Josephson junctions with nonlinear inductance through electromagnetic pulse signals, thereby implementing the quantum information processing. They have advantages in many aspects and are expected to become the central part of universal quantum computing. Superconducting qubits and auxiliary devices prepared with niobium or other hard metals like tantalum as bottom layers of large-area components have unique properties and potentials for further development. In this paper the research work in this area is briefly reviewed, starting from the design and working principle of a variety of superconducting qubits, to the detailed procedures of substrate selection and pretreatment, film growth, pattern transfer, etching, and Josephson junction fabrication, and finally the practical superconducting qubit and their auxiliary device fabrications with niobium base layers are also presented. We aim to provide a clear overview for the fabrication process of these superconducting devices as well as an outlook for further device improvement and optimization in order to help establish a perspective for future progress.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Zhao Shi-Ping, spzhao@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874063) and the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2018B030326001)

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Figure 1. Circuit diagram, potential energy and energy levels of three superconducting qubits: (a) Charge qubit; (b) flux qubit; (c) phase qubit ^[50].

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图 2 Xmon超导量子比特^[47]　(a) 器件照片; (b) 约瑟夫森结区放大图; (c) 电路示意图

Figure 2. Superconducting Xmon qubit ^[47]: (a) Optical micrograph; (b) magnified view of Josephson-junction area; (c) circuit diagram.

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图 3 Fluxonium量子比特^[48]　(a) 器件照片; (b) 天线; (c) 3D腔; (d) 电路示意; (e) 势能和能级示意图

Figure 3. Superconducting fluxonium qubit ^[48]: (a) Optical micrograph; (b) antenna; (c) 3D resonator; (d) circuit diagram; (e) potential energy and energy levels.

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图 4 并联电容磁通量子比特^[49]　(a) 样品基本结构; (b) 电容部分; (c) 约瑟夫森结部分

Figure 4. C-shunt flux qubit^[49]: (a) Device structure; (b) capacitor area; (c) Josephson-junction area.

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图 5 HiPIMS工艺制备的铌膜与普通磁控溅射方法生长的铌膜致密性对比^[72]

Figure 5. Comparison of the density of niobium film prepared by Hipims process with that by conventional magnetron sputtering^[72].

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图 6 两种约瑟夫森结设计方案 (a), (c)设计图; (b), (d)对应设计图制备的约瑟夫森结电镜照片^[112,113]

Figure 6. Two designs of Josephson junctions: (a), (c) Design drawings; (b), (d) electron micrographs of Josephson junctions prepared by corresponding designs ^[112,113].

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图 7 (a)铌基位相量子位中心区域的光学显微镜照片, 硅基片呈绿色, 而较暗和较亮的金属部分是Nb和Al薄膜; (b)位相量子比特能谱与能量弛豫时间的测量结果^[38]

Figure 7. (a) Optical microscope image of the central region of Nb-based phase qubit, the substrate appears greenish in color while the darker and brighter parts are the Nb and Al films; (b) measurement results of energy spectrum and energy relaxation time of phase qubit^[38].

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图 8 (a) 铌基nSQUID量子比特中心部分的假色光学照片, 衬底、Nb层、Al层和α-Si层分别呈灰色、浅黄色、白色和棕色; (b)—(e) nSQUID量子比特不同条件下的典型二维势阱^[40]

Figure 8. (a) False-colored optical photograph of the central part of Nb-based nSQUID qubit with the substrate, Nb layer, Al layers, and α-Si layer appearing in gray, light yellow, white, and brown, respectively; (b)–(e) Typical 2D potential landscapes of the nSQUID qubit ^[40].

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图 9 (a)铌基耦合10比特器件中心区域; (b)跨过控制线的空气桥; (c)包含两个约瑟夫森结的SQUID环区域; (d)样品能量弛豫时间测量结果^[39]

Figure 9. Microscope images of (a) the central region of Nb-based coupled 10-qubit device; (b) an airbridge across the control line; (c) the SQUID loop area containing two Josephson junctions; (d) measurement results of sample energy relaxation time^[39].

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图 10 (a)铌基JPA光学照片; (b)增益与(c)噪声温度随频率的关系 ^[41]

Figure 10. (a) False-colored optical photograph of Nb-based JPA device; (b) frequency dependences of the device gain and noise temperature (c) ^[41].

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表 1 不同生长模式制备的铌薄膜器件性质^[72]

Table 1. Properties of niobium thin film devices with different growth modes^[72].

Deposition	Sputtered	HiPIMS opt	HiPIMS norm
T₁/μs	56 ± 12	33 ± 2	17 ± 9
RRR	8.9 ± 0.1	5.0 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.1
T_c/K	9.0 ± 0.1	8.6 ± 0.1	8.1 ± 0.1
GSA/nm²	1140 ± 70	500 ± 50	180 ± 30
Nb	61 ± 3	64 ± 3	45 ± 2
NbOx	15.1 ± 0.2	16.0 ± 0.3	20.4 ± 0.8
NbO	0 ± 2	0 ± 1	5 ± 1
NbO₂	3.1 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.2	10 ± 2
Nb₂O₅	20 ± 1	15.9 ± 0.8	19 ± 2
Suboxide	19 ± 2	20 ± 1	36 ± 2

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表 2 不同方法生长铌薄膜以及所制备谐振腔的性质^[57]

Table 2. Growth of niobium thin films by different methods and fabricated resonator properties ^[57].

Process^a	In vacuo cleaning	w/μm	f₀/GHz	Q_i-H×10⁶	Q_i-L×10⁶
(A) Sputter	100 eV Ar⁺ mill for 2 min	3 15	3.833 6.129	4.30 4.50	0.16 0.40
(B) E-beam	60 eV Ar⁺ mill for 2 min	3 15	3.810 6.089	9.90 4.40	0.66 0.72
(C) MBE	None	6 15	4.973 6.120	5.70 4.33	0.53 0.76
(D) MBE	LL^b anneal	3 15	3.773 6.125	6.58 5.38	0.75 0.80
(E) MBE	LL^b and 850 ℃ anneal	3 15	3.876 6.127	10.10 6.40	1.15 0.92

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