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In this paper, cavity-excited Huygens’ metasurface is proposed for high-efficiency wavefront manipulation. By adjusting the length of electric dipole and magnetic dipole , the proposed Huygens’ metasurface meta unit can provide nearly 360° phase coverage with sufficiently high transmission efficiency. Based on the analysis of the resonance mode of the cavity, the Huygens’ metasurface has successfully performed its function by adopting integrated feeding method. According to the generalized Snell’s law, metasurfaces with different phase gradients are designed. Combined with the cavity structure, one-dimensional Huygens’ metasurfaces excited by cavity is realized, which can directionally emit the electromagnetic waves from the cavity. Both the simulation and experimental results show that the proposed cavity excited metasurfaces can effectively manipulate the direction of the emitted beam. Such a kind of cavity-excited metasurface can flexibly control the emission angle of the electromagnetic wave, reduce the energy loss and improve the efficiency of the electromagnetic wave. These designs have the advantages of compact, light and easy integration.
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Keywords:
- cavity-excited /
- integrated feeding /
- Huygens’ metasurface /
- wavefront manipulation.
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图 1 透射性惠更斯表面单元结构示意图 (a)设计的透射式惠更斯表面单元; (b)侧面结构示意图; (c)电谐振结构示意图; (d)磁谐振结构示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of transmissive Huygens’ meta-atom: (a) The designed transmissive Huygens’ meta-atom; (b) side view; (c) schematic diagram of electric dipole; (d) schematic diagram of magnetic dipole.
图 2 惠更斯超表面单元的透射响应与单元结构参数关系图 (a)单元的传输幅度频谱图; (b)单元的传输相位频谱图; (c)不同结构尺寸的单元幅度响应分布图; (d)不同尺寸结构的单元相位响应分布图; (e)电偶极子电流分布; (f)磁偶极子电流分布
Figure 2. Transmission responses of the Hugens’meta-atom: (a) Transmission amplitude spectral of the unit cell; (b) transmission phase spectral of the unit cell; (c) transmission amplitude response of the meta-atom as functions of Le and Lm; (d) transmission phase response of the meta-atom as functions of Le and Lm; (e) current distributions on the electric dipole; (f) currents distributions on the magnetic dipole.
图 3 谐振腔馈电超表面示意图 (a)波导俯视图; (b)波导正视图; (c)波导加载超表面示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the cavity-excited metasurface: (a) Top view of the cavity; (b) front view of the cavity; (c) cavity-excited metasurface.
图 4 沿不同角度辐射的电场幅度及相位分布图 (a)无超表面加载的波导; (b)天线1; (c)天线2; (d)天线3
Figure 4. Electric field distributions of amplitude and phase along different angles: (a) Waveguede without metasurface loaded; (b) antenna 1; (c) antenna 2; (d) antenna 3.
图 5 集成馈电波导口面加载不同梯度相位分布超表面结构的波束角度偏转方向图 (a)天线1; (b)天线2; (c)天线3
Figure 5. Far-field pattern of the cavity-excited metasurface with different phase gradient: (a) Antenna1;(b) antenna 2; (c) antenna 3.
图 6 加工的开口矩形波导谐振腔及超表面实物图 (a)矩形开口波导; (b)不同相位梯度的超表面; (c)波导加载超表面的正面结构示意图; (d)波导加载超表面的侧面结构示意图
Figure 6. The fabricated open cavity and metasurfaces: (a) Open cavity; (b) metasurfaces with different phase gradient; (c) front view of the cavity-excited metasurface; (d) side view of the cavity-excited metasurface.
图 7 微波暗室测试环境
Figure 7. The environment of the anechoic chamber.
图 8 波导空馈和加载几组超表面测试得到的S11参数 (a)不加载超表面的开口波导; (b)天线1; (c)天线2; (d)天线3
Figure 8. Measured S11 parameters of open cavity and cavity-excited metasurface with different phase gradient: (a) Open cavity without metasurface; (b) antenna 1; (c) antenna 2; (d) antenna 3.
图 9 谐振腔馈电超表面E面测试方向图 (a)谐振腔不加载超表面; (b)天线1; (c)天线2; (d)天线3
Figure 9. E-plane far-field pattern of cavity-excited metasurface: (a) Cavity without metasurface; (b) antenna 1; (c) antenna 2; (d) antenna 3.
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[1] Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Yu N, Blanchard R, Gaburro Z, Capasso F 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4932
Google Scholar
[2] Zou X, Zheng G, Yuan Q, Zang W, Chen R, Li T, Li L, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhu S 2020 Photoni X 1 2
Google Scholar
[3] Wang S, Wu P C, Su V C, Lai Y C, Chen M K, Kuo H Y, Chen B H, Chen Y H, Huang T T, Wang J H, Lin R M, Kuan C H, Li T, Wang Z, Zhu S, Tsai D P 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 227
Google Scholar
[4] Ni X, Wong Z J, Mrejen M, Wang Y, Zhang X 2015 Science 349 1310
Google Scholar
[5] Chen P Y, Argyropoulos C, Alù A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 233001
Google Scholar
[6] Zheng G, Mühlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 308
Google Scholar
[7] Guan C, Liu J, Ding X, Wang Z, Zhang K, Li H, Jin M, Burokur S N, Wu Q 2020 Nanophotonics 9 3605
Google Scholar
[8] Ding X, Wang Z, Hu G, Liu J, Zhang K, Li H, Ratni B, Burokur S N, Wu Q, Tan J, Qiu C W 2020 PhotoniX 1 16
Google Scholar
[9] Zhang L, Chen M Z, Tang W, Dai J Y, Miao L, Zhou X Y, Jin S, Cheng Q, Cui T J 2021 Nat Electron 4 218
Google Scholar
[10] Dai J, Tang W, Chen M Z, Chan C H, Cheng Q, Jin S, Cui T J 2021 IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 69 1493
Google Scholar
[11] Dai J Y, Tang W K, Zhao J, Li X, Cheng Q, Ke J C, Chen M Z, Jin S, Cui T J 2019 Adv. Mater. Technol. 4 1900044
Google Scholar
[12] Dorrah A H, Chen M, Eleftheriades G V. 2018 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 66 4729
Google Scholar
[13] Wong A M H, Eleftheriades G V 2018 Phys. Rev. X 8 011036
[14] Zhu B O and Feng Y 2015 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 63 5500
Google Scholar
[15] Zhao R, Zhu Z, Dong G 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 3482
Google Scholar
[16] Xu Y, Xu N, Liu H, Shan D, Song N, Gao J 2018 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. 35 1248
Google Scholar
[17] Jia S L, Wan X, Su P, Zhao Y J, Cui T J 2016 Aip. Adv. 6 045024
Google Scholar
[18] Guan C, Wang Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Ratni B, Burokur S N, Jin M, Wu Q 2019 Opt. Express 27 7108
Google Scholar
[19] Chen K, Feng Y, Monticone F, Zhao J, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X, Zhang S, Alù A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1606422
Google Scholar
[20] Wang Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Ratni B, Burokur S N, Gu X, Wu Q 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1800121
Google Scholar
[21] Wang Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Wu Q 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 9081
Google Scholar
[22] Zhao W, Jiang H, Liu B, Song J, Jiang Y, Tang C, Li J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 30613
Google Scholar
[23] Wan X, Zhang L, Jia S, Yin J, Cui T J 2017 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 65 4427
Google Scholar
[24] Zhao Z, Wang Y, Guan C, Zhang K, Wu Q, Li H, Liu J, Burokur S N, Ding X 2022 PhotoniX 3 15
Google Scholar
[25] Wang Z, Hu G, Wang X, Ding X, Zhang K, Li H, Burokur S N, Wu Q, Liu J, Tan J, Qiu C W 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 2188
Google Scholar
[26] Li H, Li Y B, Shen J L, Cui T J 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater. 8 1902057
Google Scholar
[27] Guo X, Ding Y, Chen X, Duan Y, Ni X 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 eabb4142
Google Scholar
[28] Xu P, Tian H W, Cai X, Jiang W X, Cui T J 2021 Adv. Funct. Mater 31 2100569
Google Scholar
[29] Shi H, Wang L, Zhao M, Chen J, Zhang A, Xu Z 2018 Mater 11 2448
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