Research progress of non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces

Fan Hui-Ying; Luo Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20221706

Abstract

Electromagnetic metasurface, as a type of planar electromagnetic material consisting of single-layer or multilayer subwavelength artificial micro-structure, can efficiently control the polarization, amplitude and phase of electromagnetic wave on a subwavelength scale. However, confining electromagnetic waves to a deep-subwavelength scale generally is at the cost of a large loss, such as radiation loss, Ohmic loss. Interestingly, non-Hermitian physics provides us a new way to transform the disadvantage of loss into a new degree of freedom in metasurface design, paving the way to expanding the functionalities of metasurfaces. In recent years, the extraordinary effects in the non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces have attracted a lot of attention. In this review, we discuss the perfect absorption, exceptional points and surfaces waves of non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces, and point out the challenges and potentials in this field.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China

Corresponding author: Luo Jie, luojie@suda.edu.cn

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Cited By

图 1 非厄米电磁超表面示意图

Figure 1. Illustration of non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces.

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图 2 谐振型完美吸波超表面　(a) 左: 超表面单元结构示意图; 右: 吸波性能的仿真结果^[111]; (b) 光学吸波超表面单元示意图, 顶部为金属矩形阵列^[112]; (c) 光学吸波超表面单元示意图, 顶部为金属圆盘阵列^[113]; (d) 基于耦合模理论的等效单通道谐振腔模型^[114]; (e) 复合超表面结构单元, 不同尺寸的谐振单元在横向上排布^[115]; (f) 复合超表面结构单元, 不同尺寸的谐振单元在纵向上排布^[116]; (g) 拥有三个谐振频点的分形结构单元^[119]

Figure 2. Resonant absorbing metasurfaces. (a) Left: Illustration of the metasurface unit cell; Right: Simulated absorption spectrum^[111]. (b) An optical absorbing metasurface unit cell with an array of metallic disks on the top^[112]. (c) An optical absorbing metasurface unit cell with an array of rectangular metallic particles on the top^[113]. (d) The equivalent single-port resonator model based on coupled mode theory^[114]. (e) Composite metasurface unit cell consisting of horizontally arranged resonators of different sizes^[115]. (f) Composite metasurface unit cell consisting of vertically arranged resonators of different sizes^[116]. (g) Fractal unit cell exhibiting three resonant frequencies^[119].

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图 3 非谐振型超宽频完美吸波超表面　(a) 左: 布儒斯特超表面示意图; 中: 原理示意图; 右: 吸波性能的仿真结果^[40]; (b) 超宽频相干完美吸收的原理示意图^[140]; (c) 超宽频相干完美吸收的测量装置示意图, 以及实验测得的反射率和吸收率与频率的关系^[139]

Figure 3. Non-resonant ultra-broadband absorbing metasurfaces. (a) Left: Illustration of the Brewster metasurface; Middle: The underlying physics; Right: Simulated absorption spectrum^[40]. (b) Illustration of ultra-broadband coherent perfect absorption^[140]. (c) Illustration of the experimental setup, and measured reflectance and absorptance as the function of frequency^[139].

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图 4 非厄米电磁超表面的耦合理论模型　(a) 左: 两个耦合谐振单元组成的二能级系统; 右: 本征值的演化; (b) 左: 两个具有正交激励方向的偶极子组成的二能级系统; 右:本征值的演化

Figure 4. Coupling model of non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces. (a) Left: A generic two-level system consisting of two coupled resonators; Right: The evolution of its eigenvalues. (b) Left: A generic two-level system consisting of two perpendicular dipoles; Right: The evolution of its eigenvalues.

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图 5 非厄米电磁超表面　(a) 左: 由开口方向垂直的开口环谐振器阵列构成的非厄米超表面; 右: 圆偏振入射波在超表面中的透射率^[105]; (b) 左: 非厄米超表面单个单元的几何结构; 右: 本征态在参数空间中围绕奇异点的演化^[156]

Figure 5. Non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces. (a) Left: A non-Hermitian metasurfaces consisting of an array of orthogonally oriented split ring resonators; Right: The transmission of circularly polarized waves on this metasurface^[105]. (b) Left: Schematic of the metasurface unit cell; Right: The evolution of the eigenstates in parameter space as the EP is encircled^[156].

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图 6 (a) 非厄米电磁超表面的散射理论模型; (b): 本征值的演化

Figure 6. (a) Scattering model of non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces; (b) the evolution of eigenvalues.

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图 7 PT对称电磁超表面中的奇异点及单向无反射特性　(a) 左: 由一对平衡损耗与增益的超表面构成的PT对称超表面系统示意图; 右: 奇异点诱导的单向无反射负折射现象^[172]; (b) 奇异点诱导的单向无反射成像^[173]; (c) 左: 当超表面之间为零折射率介质时, 系统中的两类相变奇异点趋于合并; 右: 合并奇异点诱导的对杂质免疫的完美传输效应^[176]

Figure 7. EPs and unidirectional reflectionless properties of PT-symmetric electromagnetic metasurfaces. (a) Left: Illustration of a PT-symmetric metasurface system composed of a pair of metasurfaces with balanced loss and gain; Right: EP-induced unidirectional reflectionless negative refraction^[172]. (b) EP-induced unidirectional reflectionless imaging^[173]. (c) Left: Two classes of EPs tend to coalesce into one when the material between the two metasurface is an zero-index medium; Right: Coalesced EP-induced impurity-immune perfect wave transmission^[176].

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图 8 非厄米超表面中奇异点在传感方面的应用　(a) 左: Diabolic点(DP)的频率分裂量与微扰强度$\varepsilon $的关系; 右: 奇异点的频率分裂量与微扰强度$\varepsilon $的关系^[94]; (b) 左: 由上下两层在横向上错位的金条阵列组成的等离激元超表面; 右: 在奇异点下频率分裂量随微扰强度$\varepsilon $的变化^[198]

Figure 8. Sensing applications of EPs in non-Hermitian metasurfaces. (a) Left: Frequency splitting of DP versus the perturbation strength$\varepsilon $; Right: Frequency splitting of EP versus the perturbation strength $\varepsilon $^[94]. (b) Left: A plasmonic metasurface composed of two layers of gold bars with a lateral shift; Right: The frequency splitting of EP versus the perturbation strength $\varepsilon $ ^[198].

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图 9 非厄米超表面中奇异点在相位操控上的应用　(a) 左: 超表面结构单元示意图; 右: 实验样品照片图^[163]; (b) 实验测得的交叉偏振衍射图样随垂直狭槽的间距的变化^[163]

Figure 9. Phase control with EPs in non-Hermitian metasurfaces. (a) Left: illustration of the metasurface unit cell. Right: The photograph of the fricated sample^[163]. (b) Experimental cross-polarization diffraction patterns for different separation distance between orthogonal slots^[163].

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图 10 非厄米电磁超表面上的奇异表面波　(a) 左: 各向异性非厄米超表面上的自准直表面等离激元波; 右: 基于的石墨烯的设计的各向异性非厄米超表面^[108]; (b) 左: PT对称超表面上的线波示意图; 右: 线波的仿真结果^[109]

Figure 10. Extraordinary surface waves on non-Hermitian electromagnetic metasurfaces. (a) Left: Surface plasmon canalization on an anisotropic non-Hermitian metasurface; Right: The graphene-based anisotropic non-Hermitian metasurface^[108]. (b) Left: Line waves on a PT-symmetric metasurface. Right: The simulation results^[109].

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