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Surface nanobubbles, as nanoscale gaseous domains spontaneously formed at solid-liquid interfaces, exhibit significant application potential in the biomedical field owing to their unique nanoscale size effects, rapid dynamic response characteristics, and favorable biocompatibility. In ultrasonic imaging, surface nanobubbles enhance tissue acoustic contrast by generating strong harmonic scattering signals through nonlinear oscillation under stable cavitation. In antibacterial disinfection applications, the rupture of surface nanobubbles produces transient high pressure, synergizing with reactive oxygen species/hydroxyl radical mediated oxidative damage to achieve high-efficiency bacterial inactivation. However, in physiological environments, blood flow shear stress and pH fluctuations may induce premature rupture of surface nanobubbles, leading to imaging signal attenuation or risks of non-specific tissue damage, rendering their stability a critical factor determining functional efficacy and biosafety. Notably, the experimental observation of surface nanobubble lifetimes (ranging from hours to days) significantly contradicts the dissolution behavior within microseconds predicted by classical thermodynamic theory, which urgent demand for the construction of stability theoretical models. Existing theoretical models, though elucidating surface nanobubble stability mechanisms from multiple perspectives, are constrained by a lack of intrinsic correlation and inherent limitations, thereby limiting targeted optimization toward stability:the contamination barrier model emphasizes that surfactant adsorption inhibits gas diffusion; the dynamic equilibrium model explains that stability arises from the dynamic balance of gas exchange at the gas-liquid interface; the contact line pinning model reveals that substrate heterogeneity constrains the evolution of the three-phase contact line; the local supersaturation model proposes that local high-concentration gas layers formed by substrate adsorption delay dissolution; the interfacial charge enrichment model suggests that electrostatic pressure from the double layer counteracts the Laplace pressure driving dissolution; and the internal high-density model posits that condensed high-density gas inside reduces diffusion rate and partially counteracts the Laplace pressure. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on the stability mechanisms of surface nanobubbles:it first reviews the discovery history of surface nanobubbles; then deeply analyzes the core mechanisms, intrinsic correlations, and limitations of the aforementioned theoretical models; finally, combined with application examples in the biomedical field, it examines the technical challenges faced by surface nanobubbles and proposes potential optimization strategies and future perspectives based on their stability theoretical models.
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Keywords:
- Surface nanobubbles /
- Stability /
- Theoretical models
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