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The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the bilayer nickelate La3Ni2O7 under high pressure has attracted significant attention, further catalyzing intensive research on nickel-based superconductors. Systematic comparative studies of nontraditional superconductors are essential for advancing the mechanistic understanding of high-Tc superconductivity. In contrast to cuprate superconductors, nickel-based bulk materials show significant differences in crystal structure, electronic properties, and physical behaviors, while their experimental investigation faces additional challenges including the influences of hydrostatic conditions on zero-resistance state and diamagnetic response measurements, oxygen vacancy defects in single crystals, and pressure-induced structural phase transitions. This review comprehensively examines high-temperature superconductivity and the related research challenges in trilayer nickelate bulk materials, and provides important theoretical insights for future studies on nickel-based superconducting systems.
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Keywords:
- nickel-based superconductors /
- unconventional superconductivity /
- high-temperature superconductivity
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图 1 Ruddlesden-Popper相Lan+1NinO3n+1. 从左至右分别为La2NiO4, La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10和LaNiO3; 蓝色、紫色、红色小球分别代表La, Ni和O原子, 虚线框内结构代表不同n值下的层数变化
Figure 1. Ruddlesden-Popper phases Lan+1NinO3n+1. From left to right: La2NiO4, La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10 and LaNiO3; the blue, purple and red small balls represent La, Ni, and O atoms, respectively, the structures within the dashed box represent the changes in the layers under different n values.
图 2 压力下La3Ni2O7单晶的超导电性 (a) 固体传压介质(立方氮化硼)下La3Ni2O7的电阻曲线[2]; (b) 压力下La3Ni2O7的交流磁化率[2]; (c) 液体传压介质(Daphne 7373)下La3Ni2O7的零电阻和奇异金属态[19]; (d) 不同磁场下La3Ni2O7的电阻曲线[19]; (e) La3Ni2O7在压力下的超导相图[20]
Figure 2. Superconductivity of La3Ni2O7 single crystal under pressure: (a) Resistance curves of La3Ni2O7 measured with solid as pressure-transmitting medium (cubic boron nitride)[2]; (b) the a.c. susceptibility of La3Ni2O7 under pressure[2]; (c) the zero resistance and strange metal behavior of La3Ni2O7 with liquid as pressure-transmitting medium (Daphne 7373)[19]; (d) resistance curves of La3Ni2O7 under various magnetic fields[19]; (e) superconductivity phase diagram of La3Ni2O7 under pressure[20].
图 3 压力下La3Ni2O7 多晶的超导电性 (a)—(d) 固体传压介质(氮化硼)下La3Ni2O7(固相反应)的电阻曲线[22,23]; (e) 液体传压介质(Daphne 7373, 甘油)下La3Ni2O7(溶胶凝胶法)的电阻曲线[24]
Figure 3. Superconductivity of La3Ni2O7 polycrystalline under pressure: (a)–(d) Resistance curves of La3Ni2O7 (solid state reaction) measured with solid as pressure-transmitting medium (cubic boron nitride)[22,23]; (e) resistance curves of La3Ni2O7 (Sol-gel method) under pressure with liquid as pressure-transmitting medium (Daphne 7373, glycerol)[24].
图 4 La3Ni2O7单晶中的氧空位及压力下La2PrNi2O7多晶的超导电性 (a) La3Ni2O7单晶中的氧空位; (b), (c) 不同氧空位含量下不同氧位点的相位直方图[27]; (d) La3Ni2O7多晶中的堆垛缺陷[43]; (e) La2PrNi2O7多晶中的长程有序[43]; La2PrNi2O7多晶在压力下的零电阻(f)和抗磁性(g)[43]
Figure 4. The oxygen vacancies in La3Ni2O7 single crystals and superconductivity of La2PrNi2O7 polycrystalline under pressure: (a) The oxygen vacancies in La3Ni2O7 single crystals; (b), (c) the phase histograms from distinct oxygen sites with different oxygen vacancy concentrations[27]; (d) the stacking faults of La3Ni2O7 polycrystalline [43]; (e) the long-range orders of La2PrNi2O7 polycrystalline[43]; zero resistance (f) and diamagnetic signals (g) of La2PrNi2O7 polycrystalline under pressure[43].
图 5 压力下La4Ni3O10单晶的超导电性 (a) 固体传压介质(氯化钠)下La4Ni3O10的电阻曲线[3]; (b) 气体传压介质(氖气)下La4Ni3O10的直流磁化率[3]; (c), (d) 气体传压介质(氦气)下La4Ni3O10的零电阻[4]; (e) 不同磁场下La4Ni3O10的电阻曲线(氦气)[4]
Figure 5. Superconductivity of La4Ni3O10 single crystal under pressure: (a) Resistance curves of La4Ni3O10 measured with solid as pressure-transmitting medium (NaCl)[3]; (b) the d.c. susceptibility curves of La4Ni3O10 measured with gas as pressure-transmitting medium (neon)[3]; (c), (d) the zero resistance of La4Ni3O10 measured with gas as pressure-transmitting medium (helium) [4]; (e) resistance curves as a function of pressure under various magnetic fields (helium)[4].
图 6 压力下La4Ni3O10单晶的结构相变[3] (a), (b) 压力下La4Ni3O10的同步辐射X射线衍射; 压力下La4Ni3O10的晶胞参数(c)和体积(d)变化; (e) P21/a和I4/mmm空间群的焓差随压力的变化
Figure 6. Phase transition of La4Ni3O10 single crystal under pressure[3]: (a), (b) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns of La4Ni3O10; the lattice parameters (c) and cell volume (d) as a function of the pressure in La4Ni3O10; (e) the enthalpy between the space groups P21/a and I4/mmm as a function of pressure.
图 8 压力下Pr4Ni3O10多晶的超导电性[52] (a), (b) 压力下Pr4Ni3O10多晶的电阻曲线; (c) 压力下Pr4Ni3O10多晶的超导相图
Figure 8. Superconductivity of Pr4Ni3O10 polycrystalline under pressure [52]: (a), (b) Resistance curves of Pr4Ni3O10 polycrystalline under pressure; (c) superconductivity phase diagram of Pr4Ni3O10 polycrystalline under pressure.
图 9 压力下Pr4Ni3O10单晶的超导电性[6,53] (a), (b) 液体传压介质(矿物油)下单晶的电阻曲线和直流磁化率[53]; (c), (d) 气体传压介质下单晶的电阻曲线(氦气)[6]和直流磁化率(氖气)[6]; (e), (f) 气体传压介质(氦气)下的零电阻及其在不同磁场下的电阻曲线[5]; (g), (h) 气体传压介质(氖气)下的直流磁化率[5]
Figure 9. Superconductivity of Pr4Ni3O10 single crystal under pressure[6,53]: (a), (b) Resistance curves and d.c. susceptibility of Pr4Ni3O10 single crystal measured with liquid as pressure-transmitting medium (nujol)[53]; (c), (d) resistance curves (helium) and d.c. susceptibility (neon) measured with gas as pressure-transmitting medium[6]; (e), (f) zero resistance and the resistance curves under various magnetic fields measured with gas as pressure-transmitting medium (helium) [5]; (g), (h) the d.c. susceptibility measured with gas as pressure-transmitting medium (neon)[5].
图 10 压力下Pr4Ni3O10单晶的结构相变 (a), (b) 降温与加压过程中Pr4Ni3O10的同步辐射X射线衍射图谱; (c) 压力下Pr4Ni3O10的晶胞体积变化; (d) 压力下Pr4Ni3O10的超导相图
Figure 10. Phase transition of Pr4Ni3O10 single crystal under pressure: (a), (b) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns of Pr4Ni3O10 measured during cooling process and compression process; (c) the cell volume as a function of pressure in Pr4Ni3O10; (d) the superconductivity phase diagram of Pr4Ni3O10 under pressure.
图 11 镍氧化物的简化电子能级 (a) La3Ni2O7; (b) La4Ni3O10
Figure 11. Simplified electronic energy levels of the nickelates: (a) La3Ni2O7; (b) La4Ni3O10.
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