-
磁场效应(magnetic field effects, MFEs)指的是材料或器件的光电物理特性(包括光致发光、电致发光、注入电流、光电流等)在外加磁场下发生的变化. 本文所述的是非磁性发光材料的MFEs, 其首先在有机半导体光电器件中被发现. 近十几年来, MFEs作为一种新兴的物理现象引起了广泛的研究; 同时它也成为一种独特的实验手段, 用以探讨有机半导体中电荷的输运、复合以及自旋极化等过程. 近期的研究发现, MFEs不仅存在于有机半导体中, 而且在拥有强自旋-轨道耦合作用的金属卤化物钙钛矿材料中被观测到, 这既拓展了MFEs的研究方向, 也为通过研究MFEs来探索金属卤化物钙钛矿器件的物理机制, 进而为提升其器件性能提供了契机. 本文重点关注有机半导体和卤化物钙钛矿在磁场下的电致发光和光致发光变化, 即发光的磁场效应. 回顾了到目前为止主流的理论模型和代表性实验现象, 对比分析了磁场下有机半导体和卤化物钙钛矿的发光物理行为. 以期为有机及钙钛矿磁场效应领域的研究提供一些思路, 同时为有机及钙钛矿发光领域的发展贡献些许想法.Magnetic field effects (MFEs) are used to describe the changes of the photophysical properties (including photoluminescence, electroluminescence, injectedcurrent, photocurrent, etc.) when materials and devices are subjected to the external magnetic field. The MFEs in non-magnetic luminescent materials and devices were first observed in organic semiconductor. In the past two decades, the effects have been studied extensively as an emerging physical phenomenon, and also used as a unique experimental method to explore the processes such as charge transport, carrier recombination, and spin polarization in organic semiconductors. Recent studies have found that the MFEs can also be observed in metal halide perovskites with strong spin-orbital coupling. Besides, for expanding the research domain of MFEs, these findings can also be utilized to study the physical mechanism in metal halide perovskites, and then provide an insight into the improving of the performance of perovskite devices. In this review, we focus on the magnetic field effects on the electroluminescence and photoluminescence changes of organic semiconductors and halide perovskites. We review the mainstream of theoretical models and representative experimental phenomena which have been found to date, and comparatively analyze the luminescence behaviors of organic semiconductors and halide perovskites under magnetic fields. It is expected that this review can provide some ideas for the research on the MFEs of organic semiconductors and halideperovskites, and contribute to the research of luminescence in organic materials and halideperovskites.
-
Keywords:
- organic semiconductors /
- halide perovskites /
- light-emitting devices /
- magnetic field effects
[1] Sun D, Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny Z V 2014 Chem. Commun. 50 1781
Google Scholar
[2] Sagar R U R, Zhang X, Wang J, Xiong C 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 123708
Google Scholar
[3] Wang J, Chepelianskii A, Gao F, Greenham N C 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1191
Google Scholar
[4] Gautam B R, Nguyen T D, Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny Z V 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 205207
Google Scholar
[5] Hu B, Yan L, Shao M 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 1500
Google Scholar
[6] Devir-Wolfman A H, Khachatryan B, Gautam B R, Tzabary L, Keren A, Tessler N, Vardeny Z V, Ehrenfreund E 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4529
Google Scholar
[7] Fert A 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1517
Google Scholar
[8] Gruenberg P A 2008 R. Mod. Phys. 80 1531
Google Scholar
[9] Sternlicht H, Nieman G C, Robinson G W 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 1326
Google Scholar
[10] Michel-Beyerle M E, Haberkorn R, Bube W, Steffens E, Schröder H, Neusser H J, Schlag E W, Seidlitz H 1976 Chem. Phys. 17 139
Google Scholar
[11] Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D, Di Marco P, Fattori V 2003 Chem. Phys. Lett. 380 710
Google Scholar
[12] Shao M, Yan L, Pan H, Ivanov I, Hu B 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 2216
Google Scholar
[13] Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J E, Wohlgenannt M 2008 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 024206
Google Scholar
[14] Mermer Ö, Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, Sheng Y, Nguyen D T, Wohlgenannt M, Köhler A, Al-Suti M K, Khan M S 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 205202
Google Scholar
[15] Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Koopmans B 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 07F320
Google Scholar
[16] Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, Koopmans B 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 257201
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang Y, Liu R, Lei Y L, Xiong Z H 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 083307
Google Scholar
[18] Yan L, Shao M, Graeff C F O, Hummelgen I, Ma D, Hu B 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 013301
Google Scholar
[19] Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J, Veeraraghavan G, Wohlgenannt M 2007 J. Mater. Chem. 17 1995
Google Scholar
[20] Mahato R N, Luelf H, Siekman M H, Kersten S P, Bobbert P A, de Jong M P, De Cola L, van der Wiel W G 2013 Science 341 257
Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y, Sahin-Tiras K, Harmon N J, Wohlgenannt M, Flatte M E 2016 Phys. Rev. X 6 011011
[22] Manser J S, Christians J A, Kamat P V 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 12956
Google Scholar
[23] Li J, Xu L, Wang T, Song J, Chen J, Xue J, Dong Y, Cai B, Shan Q, Han B, Zeng H 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603885
Google Scholar
[24] Xiao Z, Kerner R A, Zhao L, Tran N L, Lee K M, Koh T W, Scholes G D, Rand B P 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 108
Google Scholar
[25] Yuan M, Li Na Q, Comin R, Walters G, Sabatini R, Voznyy O, Hoogland S, Zhao Y, Beauregard E M, Kanjanaboos P, Lu Z, Kim D H, Sargent E H 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 872
Google Scholar
[26] Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan Z K, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai M L, Friend R H, Huang W 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2311
Google Scholar
[27] Cho H, Jeong S H, Park M H, Kim Y H, Wolf C, Lee C L, Heo J H, Sadhanala A, Myoung N, Yoo S, Im S H, Friend R H, Lee T W 2015 Science 350 1222
Google Scholar
[28] Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, Zhang S, Miao Y, Zou W, Yi C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Q, Ke Y, Yu M, Jin Y, Liu Y, Ding Q, Di D, Yang L, Xing G, Tian H, Jin C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 699
Google Scholar
[29] Yang X, Zhang X, Deng J, Chu Z, Jiang Q, Meng J, Wang P, Zhang L, Yin Z, You J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 570
Google Scholar
[30] Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 687
Google Scholar
[31] Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nature 562 249
Google Scholar
[32] Ema K, Umeda K, Toda M, Yajima C, Arai Y, Kunugita H, Wolverson D, Davies J J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 241310
Google Scholar
[33] Hsiao Y C, Wu T, Li M, Hu B 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2899
Google Scholar
[34] Pavliuk M V, Fernandes D L A, El-Zohry A M, Abdellah M, Nedelcu G, Kovalenko M V, Sa J 2016 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 2004
Google Scholar
[35] Zhang C, Sun D, Sheng C X, Zhai Y X, Mielczarek K, Zakhidov A, Vardeny Z V 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 428
Google Scholar
[36] Even J, Pedesseau L, Jancu J M, Katan C 2013 Phys. Status Solidi-Rapid Res. Lett. 8 31
Google Scholar
[37] Pan R, Wang K, Li Y, Yu H, Li J, Xu L 2021 Adv. Electron. Mater. 7 2100026
Google Scholar
[38] Niedermeier U 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Darmstadt: Technische Universität)
[39] Frankevich E L, Lymarev A A, Sokolik I, Karasz F E, Blumstengel S, Baughman R H, Horhold H H 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 9320
Google Scholar
[40] Kepler R G, Caris J C, Avakian P, Abramson E 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 400
Google Scholar
[41] Johnson R C, Merrifield R E, Avakian P, Flippen R B 1967 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 285
Google Scholar
[42] Merrifield R E 1971 Magnetic Effects on Triplet Exciton Interactions (Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH) pp481–498
[43] Scharff T, Ratzke W, Zipfel J, Klemm P, Bange S, Lupton J M 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2071
Google Scholar
[44] Bobbert P A, Nguyen T D, van Oost F W A, Koopmans B, Wohlgenannt M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 216801
Google Scholar
[45] Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P, Morley N A, Gibbs M R J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 094423
Google Scholar
[46] Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 073710
Google Scholar
[47] Hu B, Wu Y 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 985
Google Scholar
[48] Pope M, Swenberg C 1999 Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers (2nd Ed) (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp1–191
[49] Ohta N 1996 J. Phys. Chem. 100 7298
Google Scholar
[50] Peng Q, Li W, Zhang S, Chen P, Li F, Ma Y 2013 Adv. Opt. Mater. 1 362
Google Scholar
[51] Turro N J 1991 Modern Molecular Photochemistry (Sausalito: University Science Books) pp28–32
[52] Bagnich S A, Niedermeier U, Melzer C, Sarfert W, von Seggern H 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 113702
Google Scholar
[53] Prigodin V N, Bergeson J D, Lincoln D M, Epstein A J 2006 Synth. Met. 156 757
Google Scholar
[54] Yoshida Y, Fujii A, Ozaki M, Yoshino K, Frankevich E 2005 Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 426 19
Google Scholar
[55] Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Lincoln D M, Epstein A J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 067201
Google Scholar
[56] Prigodin V N, Epstein A J 2010 Synth. Met. 160 244
Google Scholar
[57] Wu Y, Xu Z, Hu B, Howe J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 035214
Google Scholar
[58] Martin J L, Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Epstein A J 2010 Synth. Met. 160 291
Google Scholar
[59] Hayashi H 2004 Introduction to Dynamic Spin Chemistry-Magnetic Field Effects on Chemical and Biochemical Reactions (Singapore: World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd) pp1–268
[60] Ganzorig C, Fujihira M 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 3137
Google Scholar
[61] Sinha S, Monkman A P 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 4651
Google Scholar
[62] Davis A H, Bussmann K 2004 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22 1885
Google Scholar
[63] Wilkinson J, Davis A H, Bussmann K, Long J P 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111109
Google Scholar
[64] Popovic Z D, Aziz H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 013510
Google Scholar
[65] Merrifield R E 1968 J. Chem. Phys. 48 4318
Google Scholar
[66] 彭其明 2015 博士学位论文 (吉林: 吉林大学)
Peng Q M 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Jilin: Jilin University) (in Chinese)
[67] Liu R, Zhang Y, Lei Y L, Chen P, Xiong Z H 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 093719
Google Scholar
[68] Wagemans W, Bloom F L, Bobbert P A, Wohlgenannt M, Koopmans B 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 07f303
Google Scholar
[69] Wagemans W, Koopmans B 2011 Phys. Status Solidi B 248 1029
Google Scholar
[70] Ern V, Merrifield R E 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 609
Google Scholar
[71] Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnar S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488
Google Scholar
[72] Žutić I, Fabian J, Das Sarma S 2004 Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 323
Google Scholar
[73] Rocha A R, Garcia-Suarez V M, Bailey S W, Lambert C J, Ferrer J, Sanvito S 2005 Nat. Mater. 4 335
Google Scholar
[74] Brocklehurst B 1969 Nature 221 921
Google Scholar
[75] Wohlgenannt M, Jiang X M, Vardeny Z V 2003 Synth. Met. 137 1069
Google Scholar
[76] Karabunarliev S, Bittner E R 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 057402
Google Scholar
[77] Cinchetti M, Heimer K, Wuestenberg J P, Andreyev O, Bauer M, Lach S, Ziegler C, Gao Y, Aeschlimann M 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 115
Google Scholar
[78] Dediu V, Murgia M, Matacotta F C, Taliani C, Barbanera S 2002 Solid State Commun. 122 181
Google Scholar
[79] Xiong Z H, Wu D, Vardeny Z V, Shi J 2004 Nature 427 821
Google Scholar
[80] Zhang S, Rolfe N J, Desai P, Shakya P, Drew A J, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 075206
Google Scholar
[81] Tang X, Hu Y, Jia W, Pan R, Deng J, Deng J, He Z, Xiong Z 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 1948
Google Scholar
[82] Tang X T, Pan R H, Zhao X, Zhu H Q, Xiong Z H 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 2804
Google Scholar
[83] Peng Q, Gao N, Li W, Chen P, Li F, Ma Y 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 193304
Google Scholar
[84] Chen P, Xiong Z, Peng Q, Bai J, Zhang S, Li F 2014 Adv. Opt. Mater. 2 142
Google Scholar
[85] Congreve D N, Lee J, Thompson N J, Hontz E, Yost S R, Reusswig P D, Bahlke M E, Reineke S, Van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Science 340 334
Google Scholar
[86] Sun D L, Basel T P, Gautam B R, Han W, Jiang X, Parkin S S P, Vardeny Z V 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 042411
Google Scholar
[87] Sutherland B R, Sargent E H 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 295
Google Scholar
[88] Shi D, Adinolfi V, Comin R, Yuan M, Alarousu E, Buin A, Chen Y, Hoogland S, Rothenberger A, Katsiev K, Losovyj Y, Zhang X, Dowben P A, Mohammed O F, Sargent E H, Bakr O M 2015 Science 347 519
Google Scholar
[89] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
Google Scholar
[90] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[91] Jeong J, Kim M, Seo J, Lu H, Ahlawat P, Mishra A, Yang Y, Hope M A, Eickemeyer F T, Kim M, Yoon Y J, Choi I W, Darwich B P, Choi S J, Jo Y, Lee J H, Walker B, Zakeeruddin S M, Emsley L, Rothlisberger U, Hagfeldt A, Kim D S, Grätzel M, Kim J Y 2021 Nature 592 381
Google Scholar
[92] Umari P, Mosconi E, De Angelis F 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4467
[93] Papavassiliou G C, Koutselas I B, Lagouvardos D J, Kapoutsis J, Terzis A, Papaioannou G J 1994 Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 253 103
Google Scholar
[94] Kim M, Im J, Freeman A J, Ihm J, Jin H 2014 Proc. Nat. l Acad. Sci. USA 111 6900
Google Scholar
[95] Rossi D, Liu X, Lee Y, Khurana M, Puthenpurayil J, Kim K, Akimov A V, Cheon J, Son D H 2020 Nano Lett. 20 7321
Google Scholar
[96] Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny V 2019 Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors; Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved (Abingdon: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis) pp277–298
[97] Vardeny Z V, Wohlgenannt M 2017 World Scientific Reference on Spin in Organics (Singapore: World Scientific) pp345–353
[98] 帅志刚 2020 有机光电材料理论与计算 (北京: 科学出版社) 第268—314页
Shuai Z G 2020 Theory and Calculation of Organic Optoelectronic Materials (Beijing: Science Press) pp268–314 (in Chinese)
-
图 2 Alq3器件在不同电压下的(a) MC和(b) MEL[13]; (c) Ru(bpy)3器件在不同电压下的MEL[12]; (d)不同长度一维结构器件的MR[20]; 延迟荧光器件在不同温度下的(e) MC和(f) MEL[21]
Fig. 2. The (a) MC and (b) MEL of Alq3-based OLED at different voltages[13]; (c) the MEL of Ru(bpy)3-based OLED at different voltages[12]; (d) the MR in the device with one-dimensional structure[20]; the (e) MC and (f) MEL of delayed fluorescence OLED at different temperatures [21] .
图 4 (a)自由载流子、电子-空穴对和激子的跃迁能级示意图及相关速率常数, 其中S和T分别表示单线态和三线态, G表示EHP的形成率,
$ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}} $ 和$ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{T}} $ 分别代表单线态和三线态EHP的离解速率常数,$ {k}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{S}} $ 和$ {k}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{T}} $ 为单线态和三线态EHP的复合速率常数; (b)电子、空穴在磁场下以不同频率$ \omega $ 进动示意图Fig. 4. (a) Transition rate constants of free carriers, electron-hole pairs and excitons. S and T represent singlet and triplet states, respectively. G represents the formation rate of EHP.
$ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{S}} $ and$ {k}_{\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{T}} $ represent the dissociation rate constants of singlet and triplet EHPs, respectively,$ {k}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{S}} $ and$ {k}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{T}} $ are the recombination rate constants of singlet and triplet EHPs. (b) The Larmor precession of electrons and holes with different frequency ω under a magnetic field.
图 11 (a)电子-空穴对中Δg机制示意图; (b) 5 mA恒定电流下的MEL; (c)钙钛矿薄膜的MPL; (d) 0和5 T磁场下左右圆偏振旋光光谱; (e) 18 K温度下薄膜的圆偏振度与磁场的关系[35]
Fig. 11. (a) Schematic diagram of the Δg mechanism of electron-hole pairs; (b) the MEL at a constant current of 5 mA; (c) the MPL of the perovskite film; (d) the left and right circularly polarized optical rotation spectra at 0 and 5 T; (e) the relationship between the degree of circularly polarization and the magnetic field at 18 K [35] .
图 12 (a)钙钛矿薄膜在不同激发光强下的MPL; (b)钙钛矿光伏器件在不同激发光强下的MC; (c)正MC和负MPL的线形特征; (d)钙钛矿中的电子-空穴对模型示意图[33]
Fig. 12. (a) MPL of the perovskite film with different excitation intensities at room temperature; (b) MC of the perovskite solar cell with different excitation intensities; (c) linear characteristics of positive MC and negative MPL; (d) schematic diagram of the electron-hole pair model in perovskites [33] .
图 13 (a) (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4的PL谱, 其中Γ1和Γ2为暗态, Γ5为亮态; (b)自旋驰豫(左图)和自旋翻转(右图)示意图; (c) PL随磁场的变化[32]
Fig. 13. (a) PL spectra of (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4, where Γ1 and Γ2 are dark states, and Γ5 is bright state; (b) schematic diagram of the spin relaxation (left) and spin flip (right); (c) the PL changes under the magnetic fields[32] .
图 14 (a) 0 ℃下, CsPbBr3薄膜有/无500 mT的PL光谱; (b)无磁场和(c)有磁场的瞬态PL光谱; (d)无磁场和(e)有磁场下515 nm处复合动力学轨迹[34]
Fig. 14. (a) The PL spectra of CsPbBr3 film with/without a magnetic field of 500 mT at 0 ℃; the time resolved PL spectra in the obsence (b) and presence (c) of a magnetic field; the recombination kinetics extracted from the time resolved PLs in the obsence (d) and presence (e) of a magnetic field [34].
Power/(mW· cm–2) Magnet OFF Magnet ON Fast decay/ps Slow decay/ps Fast decay/ps Slow decay/ps 198 138$ \pm $9 (55%) 1038$ \pm $65 (45%) 104$ \pm $6 (63%) 959$ \pm $55 (37%) 305 138$ \pm $8 (55%) 1031$ \pm $31 (45%) 100$ \pm $4 (64%) 886$ \pm $25 (36%) 450 131$ \pm $5 (57%) 1000$ \pm $34 (43%) 101$ \pm $5 (65%) 892$ \pm $23 (35%) 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] Sun D, Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny Z V 2014 Chem. Commun. 50 1781
Google Scholar
[2] Sagar R U R, Zhang X, Wang J, Xiong C 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 123708
Google Scholar
[3] Wang J, Chepelianskii A, Gao F, Greenham N C 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1191
Google Scholar
[4] Gautam B R, Nguyen T D, Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny Z V 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 205207
Google Scholar
[5] Hu B, Yan L, Shao M 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 1500
Google Scholar
[6] Devir-Wolfman A H, Khachatryan B, Gautam B R, Tzabary L, Keren A, Tessler N, Vardeny Z V, Ehrenfreund E 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4529
Google Scholar
[7] Fert A 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1517
Google Scholar
[8] Gruenberg P A 2008 R. Mod. Phys. 80 1531
Google Scholar
[9] Sternlicht H, Nieman G C, Robinson G W 1963 J. Chem. Phys. 38 1326
Google Scholar
[10] Michel-Beyerle M E, Haberkorn R, Bube W, Steffens E, Schröder H, Neusser H J, Schlag E W, Seidlitz H 1976 Chem. Phys. 17 139
Google Scholar
[11] Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D, Di Marco P, Fattori V 2003 Chem. Phys. Lett. 380 710
Google Scholar
[12] Shao M, Yan L, Pan H, Ivanov I, Hu B 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 2216
Google Scholar
[13] Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J E, Wohlgenannt M 2008 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 024206
Google Scholar
[14] Mermer Ö, Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, Sheng Y, Nguyen D T, Wohlgenannt M, Köhler A, Al-Suti M K, Khan M S 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 205202
Google Scholar
[15] Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Koopmans B 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 07F320
Google Scholar
[16] Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, Koopmans B 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 257201
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang Y, Liu R, Lei Y L, Xiong Z H 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 083307
Google Scholar
[18] Yan L, Shao M, Graeff C F O, Hummelgen I, Ma D, Hu B 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 013301
Google Scholar
[19] Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J, Veeraraghavan G, Wohlgenannt M 2007 J. Mater. Chem. 17 1995
Google Scholar
[20] Mahato R N, Luelf H, Siekman M H, Kersten S P, Bobbert P A, de Jong M P, De Cola L, van der Wiel W G 2013 Science 341 257
Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y, Sahin-Tiras K, Harmon N J, Wohlgenannt M, Flatte M E 2016 Phys. Rev. X 6 011011
[22] Manser J S, Christians J A, Kamat P V 2016 Chem. Rev. 116 12956
Google Scholar
[23] Li J, Xu L, Wang T, Song J, Chen J, Xue J, Dong Y, Cai B, Shan Q, Han B, Zeng H 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603885
Google Scholar
[24] Xiao Z, Kerner R A, Zhao L, Tran N L, Lee K M, Koh T W, Scholes G D, Rand B P 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 108
Google Scholar
[25] Yuan M, Li Na Q, Comin R, Walters G, Sabatini R, Voznyy O, Hoogland S, Zhao Y, Beauregard E M, Kanjanaboos P, Lu Z, Kim D H, Sargent E H 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 872
Google Scholar
[26] Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan Z K, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai M L, Friend R H, Huang W 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2311
Google Scholar
[27] Cho H, Jeong S H, Park M H, Kim Y H, Wolf C, Lee C L, Heo J H, Sadhanala A, Myoung N, Yoo S, Im S H, Friend R H, Lee T W 2015 Science 350 1222
Google Scholar
[28] Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, Zhang S, Miao Y, Zou W, Yi C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Q, Ke Y, Yu M, Jin Y, Liu Y, Ding Q, Di D, Yang L, Xing G, Tian H, Jin C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 699
Google Scholar
[29] Yang X, Zhang X, Deng J, Chu Z, Jiang Q, Meng J, Wang P, Zhang L, Yin Z, You J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 570
Google Scholar
[30] Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 687
Google Scholar
[31] Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nature 562 249
Google Scholar
[32] Ema K, Umeda K, Toda M, Yajima C, Arai Y, Kunugita H, Wolverson D, Davies J J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 241310
Google Scholar
[33] Hsiao Y C, Wu T, Li M, Hu B 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2899
Google Scholar
[34] Pavliuk M V, Fernandes D L A, El-Zohry A M, Abdellah M, Nedelcu G, Kovalenko M V, Sa J 2016 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 2004
Google Scholar
[35] Zhang C, Sun D, Sheng C X, Zhai Y X, Mielczarek K, Zakhidov A, Vardeny Z V 2015 Nat. Phys. 11 428
Google Scholar
[36] Even J, Pedesseau L, Jancu J M, Katan C 2013 Phys. Status Solidi-Rapid Res. Lett. 8 31
Google Scholar
[37] Pan R, Wang K, Li Y, Yu H, Li J, Xu L 2021 Adv. Electron. Mater. 7 2100026
Google Scholar
[38] Niedermeier U 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Darmstadt: Technische Universität)
[39] Frankevich E L, Lymarev A A, Sokolik I, Karasz F E, Blumstengel S, Baughman R H, Horhold H H 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 9320
Google Scholar
[40] Kepler R G, Caris J C, Avakian P, Abramson E 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 400
Google Scholar
[41] Johnson R C, Merrifield R E, Avakian P, Flippen R B 1967 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 285
Google Scholar
[42] Merrifield R E 1971 Magnetic Effects on Triplet Exciton Interactions (Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH) pp481–498
[43] Scharff T, Ratzke W, Zipfel J, Klemm P, Bange S, Lupton J M 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2071
Google Scholar
[44] Bobbert P A, Nguyen T D, van Oost F W A, Koopmans B, Wohlgenannt M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 216801
Google Scholar
[45] Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P, Morley N A, Gibbs M R J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 094423
Google Scholar
[46] Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 102 073710
Google Scholar
[47] Hu B, Wu Y 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 985
Google Scholar
[48] Pope M, Swenberg C 1999 Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals and Polymers (2nd Ed) (Oxford: Oxford University Press) pp1–191
[49] Ohta N 1996 J. Phys. Chem. 100 7298
Google Scholar
[50] Peng Q, Li W, Zhang S, Chen P, Li F, Ma Y 2013 Adv. Opt. Mater. 1 362
Google Scholar
[51] Turro N J 1991 Modern Molecular Photochemistry (Sausalito: University Science Books) pp28–32
[52] Bagnich S A, Niedermeier U, Melzer C, Sarfert W, von Seggern H 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 106 113702
Google Scholar
[53] Prigodin V N, Bergeson J D, Lincoln D M, Epstein A J 2006 Synth. Met. 156 757
Google Scholar
[54] Yoshida Y, Fujii A, Ozaki M, Yoshino K, Frankevich E 2005 Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 426 19
Google Scholar
[55] Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Lincoln D M, Epstein A J 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 067201
Google Scholar
[56] Prigodin V N, Epstein A J 2010 Synth. Met. 160 244
Google Scholar
[57] Wu Y, Xu Z, Hu B, Howe J 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 035214
Google Scholar
[58] Martin J L, Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Epstein A J 2010 Synth. Met. 160 291
Google Scholar
[59] Hayashi H 2004 Introduction to Dynamic Spin Chemistry-Magnetic Field Effects on Chemical and Biochemical Reactions (Singapore: World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd) pp1–268
[60] Ganzorig C, Fujihira M 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 3137
Google Scholar
[61] Sinha S, Monkman A P 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 4651
Google Scholar
[62] Davis A H, Bussmann K 2004 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22 1885
Google Scholar
[63] Wilkinson J, Davis A H, Bussmann K, Long J P 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 111109
Google Scholar
[64] Popovic Z D, Aziz H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 013510
Google Scholar
[65] Merrifield R E 1968 J. Chem. Phys. 48 4318
Google Scholar
[66] 彭其明 2015 博士学位论文 (吉林: 吉林大学)
Peng Q M 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Jilin: Jilin University) (in Chinese)
[67] Liu R, Zhang Y, Lei Y L, Chen P, Xiong Z H 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 093719
Google Scholar
[68] Wagemans W, Bloom F L, Bobbert P A, Wohlgenannt M, Koopmans B 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 07f303
Google Scholar
[69] Wagemans W, Koopmans B 2011 Phys. Status Solidi B 248 1029
Google Scholar
[70] Ern V, Merrifield R E 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 609
Google Scholar
[71] Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnar S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488
Google Scholar
[72] Žutić I, Fabian J, Das Sarma S 2004 Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 323
Google Scholar
[73] Rocha A R, Garcia-Suarez V M, Bailey S W, Lambert C J, Ferrer J, Sanvito S 2005 Nat. Mater. 4 335
Google Scholar
[74] Brocklehurst B 1969 Nature 221 921
Google Scholar
[75] Wohlgenannt M, Jiang X M, Vardeny Z V 2003 Synth. Met. 137 1069
Google Scholar
[76] Karabunarliev S, Bittner E R 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 057402
Google Scholar
[77] Cinchetti M, Heimer K, Wuestenberg J P, Andreyev O, Bauer M, Lach S, Ziegler C, Gao Y, Aeschlimann M 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 115
Google Scholar
[78] Dediu V, Murgia M, Matacotta F C, Taliani C, Barbanera S 2002 Solid State Commun. 122 181
Google Scholar
[79] Xiong Z H, Wu D, Vardeny Z V, Shi J 2004 Nature 427 821
Google Scholar
[80] Zhang S, Rolfe N J, Desai P, Shakya P, Drew A J, Kreouzis T, Gillin W P 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 075206
Google Scholar
[81] Tang X, Hu Y, Jia W, Pan R, Deng J, Deng J, He Z, Xiong Z 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 1948
Google Scholar
[82] Tang X T, Pan R H, Zhao X, Zhu H Q, Xiong Z H 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 2804
Google Scholar
[83] Peng Q, Gao N, Li W, Chen P, Li F, Ma Y 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 193304
Google Scholar
[84] Chen P, Xiong Z, Peng Q, Bai J, Zhang S, Li F 2014 Adv. Opt. Mater. 2 142
Google Scholar
[85] Congreve D N, Lee J, Thompson N J, Hontz E, Yost S R, Reusswig P D, Bahlke M E, Reineke S, Van Voorhis T, Baldo M A 2013 Science 340 334
Google Scholar
[86] Sun D L, Basel T P, Gautam B R, Han W, Jiang X, Parkin S S P, Vardeny Z V 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 042411
Google Scholar
[87] Sutherland B R, Sargent E H 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 295
Google Scholar
[88] Shi D, Adinolfi V, Comin R, Yuan M, Alarousu E, Buin A, Chen Y, Hoogland S, Rothenberger A, Katsiev K, Losovyj Y, Zhang X, Dowben P A, Mohammed O F, Sargent E H, Bakr O M 2015 Science 347 519
Google Scholar
[89] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
Google Scholar
[90] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[91] Jeong J, Kim M, Seo J, Lu H, Ahlawat P, Mishra A, Yang Y, Hope M A, Eickemeyer F T, Kim M, Yoon Y J, Choi I W, Darwich B P, Choi S J, Jo Y, Lee J H, Walker B, Zakeeruddin S M, Emsley L, Rothlisberger U, Hagfeldt A, Kim D S, Grätzel M, Kim J Y 2021 Nature 592 381
Google Scholar
[92] Umari P, Mosconi E, De Angelis F 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4467
[93] Papavassiliou G C, Koutselas I B, Lagouvardos D J, Kapoutsis J, Terzis A, Papaioannou G J 1994 Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 253 103
Google Scholar
[94] Kim M, Im J, Freeman A J, Ihm J, Jin H 2014 Proc. Nat. l Acad. Sci. USA 111 6900
Google Scholar
[95] Rossi D, Liu X, Lee Y, Khurana M, Puthenpurayil J, Kim K, Akimov A V, Cheon J, Son D H 2020 Nano Lett. 20 7321
Google Scholar
[96] Ehrenfreund E, Vardeny V 2019 Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors; Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved (Abingdon: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis) pp277–298
[97] Vardeny Z V, Wohlgenannt M 2017 World Scientific Reference on Spin in Organics (Singapore: World Scientific) pp345–353
[98] 帅志刚 2020 有机光电材料理论与计算 (北京: 科学出版社) 第268—314页
Shuai Z G 2020 Theory and Calculation of Organic Optoelectronic Materials (Beijing: Science Press) pp268–314 (in Chinese)
下载:
计量
- 文章访问数: 7874
- PDF下载量: 186
- 被引次数: 0
