非互易拓扑光子学

王子尧; 陈福家; 郗翔; 高振; 杨怡豪

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231850

摘要

拓扑光子学的提出与发展为从根本物理原理上解决传统光学器件易受干扰的问题提供了新思路, 基于拓扑保护的新型鲁棒光场调控极大地提高了光学器件的传输效率和稳健性. 其中, 基于时间反演对称性破缺的非互易拓扑光子学及其手性拓扑态是拓扑光子学的重要分支, 其拓扑特性由非零陈数或陈矢量表征, 表现出超越互易拓扑光子学的严格拓扑保护鲁棒性. 本综述将重点介绍非互易拓扑光子学在探索新奇物理现象(手性/反手性边界态、反常非互易拓扑边界态、三维光学陈绝缘体、磁性外尔光子晶体等)和构建非互易鲁棒拓扑光学器件(单向光波导、宽带慢光延迟线、任意形状拓扑激光器、大轨道角动量相干光源等)等方面取得的显著成果. 最后对非互易拓扑光子学的发展现状、潜在挑战以及可能取得的突破进行了展望.

关键词:

Abstract

The proposal and development of topological photonics have provided a new approach to fundamentally addressing the susceptibility of traditional photonic devices to defects or disorders, significantly enhancing the transmission efficiency and robustness of photonic devices. Among them, non-reciprocal topological photonics which break time-reversal symmetry and support chiral topological states are crucial branches of topological photonics. Their topological properties are characterized by non-zero Chern numbers in two dimensions or topological Chern vectors in three dimensions, exhibiting a rigorous and complete topological protection beyond that of reciprocal topological photonics. This review focuses on introducing the remarkable achievements of non-reciprocal topological photonics in exploring novel physical phenomena (chiral/antichiral edge/surface states, two-dimensional/three-dimensional photonic Chern insulators, magnetic Weyl photonics crystals, etc.) and constructing non-reciprocal robust topological photonic devices (unidirectional waveguides, broadband slow-light delay lines, arbitrarily shaped topological lasers, high-orbital-angular-momentum coherent light sources, etc.). Finally, the present status, potential challenges, and possible breakthroughs in the development of non-reciprocal topological photonics are discussed.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
南方科技大学电子与电气工程系, 深圳　518055

2.
浙江大学量子信息交叉中心, 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心, 浙江大学极端光学技术与仪器全国重点实验室, 杭州　310027

3.
南方科技大学, 光纤光缆先进制造与应用技术全国重点实验室, 深圳　518055

通信作者: 郗翔, xix@sustech.edu.cn ; 高振, gaoz@sustech.edu.cn ; 杨怡豪, yangyihao@zju.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(批准号: 2022YFA1405200, 2022YFA1404900)、国家自然科学基金 (批准号: 62175215, 62375118, 6231101016, 12104211)、国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(海外)、中央高校基本科研业务(批准号: 2021FZZX001-19), 深圳市科技创新委员会(批准号: 0220815111105001)和南方科技大学(批准号: Y01236148, Y01236248)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

2.
Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

3.
State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

Corresponding author: Xi Xiang, xix@sustech.edu.cn ; Gao Zhen, gaoz@sustech.edu.cn ; Yang Yi-Hao, yangyihao@zju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022YFA1405200, 2022YFA1404900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62175215, 62375118, 6231101016, 12104211), the Excellent Young Scientists Fund (Overseas) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2021FZZX001-19), the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen, China (Grant No. 0220815111105001), and SUSTech (Grant Nos. Y01236148, Y01236248).

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施引文献

图 1 (a) 具有狄拉克点的能带结构图^[36]; (b) 二维光学陈绝缘体实验装置图及手性边界态的单向与鲁棒传输模场分布图^[38]; (c)二维蜂窝晶格磁性光子晶体实验样品图及其自约束的手性边界态模场分布图^[40]; (d) 不同陈数手性边界态色散曲线^[42]; (e) 反手性边界态的模场分布^[67]; (f) 拓扑单向大面积波导模场分布^[68]; (g) 拓扑单向体态的模场分布^[69]; (h) 反常Floquet拓扑绝缘体和陈绝缘体相变图^[70]; (i) 常负曲率双曲晶格反常Floquet拓扑绝缘体和陈绝缘体实验样品图^[71]

Fig. 1. (a) Band diagram with Dirac point^[36]; (b) diagram of the experimental setup of two-dimensional optical Chern insulator and the distribution of one-way and robust mode fields of chiral edge states^[38]; (c) two-dimensional honeycomb lattice magnetic photonic crystal experimental sample map and its self-constrained chiral edge state mode field distribution^[40]; (d) the dispersion of chiral edge states with different Chen numbers^[42]; (e) field distribution of the Antichiral edge states^[67]; (f) field distribution of topological unidirectional large area waveguide^[68]; (g) field distribution of topological chiral bulk states^[69]; (h) phase transition diagrams of anomalous Floquet topological and Chen insulators^[70]; (i) diagram of experimental samples of hyperbolic lattice anomalous Floquet topological with constant negative curvature and Chen insulators^[71].

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图 2 (a) 非成对狄拉克点的实验样品及其能带结构^[76]; (b) 具有混合边界态的磁性光子晶体结构示意图及其混合边界态色散示意图^[77]; (c) 光学拓扑安德森绝缘体手性边界态^[80]; (d) 非晶陈绝缘体手性边界态^[83]; (e)无序度增大时反常弗洛凯拓扑绝缘体和陈绝缘体相变图^[84]; (f) 二维磁性光子晶体中由位错导致的束缚态传输谱及模场分布^[85]; (g) 高阶磁性光子晶体角态模场分布^[87]; (h) 拓扑磁等离子体实验样品图和扭结磁等离子体的非互易传输谱^[97]

Fig. 2. (a) Experimental setup and band structure of unpaired Dirac points^[76]; (b) schematic diagram of magnetic photonic crystal with hybrid edge states and its dispersion relationship^[77]; (c) chiral edge states of optical topological Anderson insulator^[80]; (d) chiral edge states of amorphous Chern insulators^[83]; (e) phase transition diagrams of anomalous Floquet topological insulators and Chern insulators with increasing disorder^[84]; (f) transmission spectra and field distribution of bound states caused by dislocation in two-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals^[85]; (g) field distribution of higher-order magnetic photonic crystals^[87]; (h) experimental sample diagram of topological magnetic plasma and non-reciprocal transmission spectrum of kinked magnetic plasma^[97].

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图 3 (a)单对外尔点的体能带^[43]; (b)奇数狄拉克锥表面态^[44]; (c)三维陈绝缘体的体能带图^[45]; (d)三维陈绝缘体的自动搜索和优化^[46]; (e)具有任意陈矢量的磁性光子晶体及其手性表面态的场分布^[47]; (f)轴子绝缘体^[48]; (g)锑化铟结构的示意图和实验测量的两对外尔点的体能带图^[50]; (h)三维陈绝缘体的实验样品图和实验测量的相图^[51]; (i)磁性外尔光子晶体的实验样品图和实验测量的体能带^[52]

Fig. 3. (a) A single pair of Weyl points^[43]; (b) the odd number of surface Dirac cones^[44]; (c) the bulk band structures of three-dimensional Chern insulators^[45]; (d) automated discovery and optimization of 3D Chern insulator^[46]; (e) 3D Chern insulator with orientable large Chern vectors and its field distribution of chiral surface state^[47]; (f) the axion topological insulator^[48]; (g) a schematic of the sample with a metal grating on top of the InSb substrate and the measured projected bulk band structures with two pairs of Weyl points^[50]; (h) the fabricated three-dimensional Chern insulator and the measured topological phase transitions^[51]; (i) the fabricated three dimensional Weyl photonic crystal and the measured projected bulk band structures^[52].

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图 4 (a) 手性边界态的多重布里渊区缠绕产生宽带拓扑慢光^[104]; (b) 拓扑频率路由^[77]; (c) 三维光学陈绝缘体手性表面态的单向鲁棒传输^[51]; (d) 基于第二陈数的拓扑单向光纤^[45]; (e) 形状任意非互易拓扑激光器^[57]; (f) 基于二维非互易拓扑光子晶体的拓扑涡旋激光器^[107]; (g) 手性腔量子电动力学^[53]

Fig. 4. (a) Multiple Brillouin zone winding of chiral edge states enabled broadband topological slow light^[104]; (b) topological frequency routing^[77]; (c) robust transmission of chiral surface states^[51]; (d) topological one-way fiber of second Chern number^[45]; (e) nonreciprocal topological laser with arbitrary geometry^[57]; (f) nonreciprocal topological laser with large OAM^[107]; (g) chiral cavity quantum electrodynamics^[53].

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