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高超声速飞行器在临近空间飞行时,由于飞行器与空气剧烈的相互作用,形成包含等离子体鞘套和尾迹的等离子体流场,研究其电子密度分布特性对高超声速飞行器的目标识别、测控通信等具有重要意义。地面模拟实验测量是研究等离子体包覆高超声速飞行器电磁散射特性的有效方法之一,为满足地面模拟实验瞬态等离子体流场电子密度分布的测量需求,本文提出了一种Ka波段七通道微波干涉仪测量系统研制方案。该系统采用单发七收的方式,利用单曲面透镜将波导开口天线辐射的电磁波转化为近似平面波,将七个平行且非对称排列的开口波导作为接收通道天线,缩减了接收天线的尺寸以及天线之间的距离,提高了测量的空间分辨率。基于七通道微波干涉仪测量系统在弹道靶和激波管设备开展了动态实验,测量了超高速流场电子密度二维分布,结果表明该系统具备瞬时大动态范围信号的接收能力,幅度线性动态范围优于65dB,相位动态范围180°,响应时间优于1s;所测量的超高速流场等离子体电子密度二维分布,能够较好地反映弹道靶设备与激波管设备产生的瞬态等离子体细节变化,电子密度测量动态范围为(1010~1013)cm-3量级,电子密度测量误差不超过0.5个数量级,径向空间分辨率优于15mm。When hypersonic flight vehicle flies in near space region, the strong friction between vehicle and air leads to the ionization of air. Thus, plasma sheath surrounding the vehicle and wake flow fields behind are formed, significantly affecting the electromagnetic (EM) scattering characterization of the vehicle and resulting in the communication blackout. Therefore, the investigation of electron density distribution of the plasma sheath and wake flow field is of the great significance for the detection, communication, etc. of the hypersonic target. In order to meet the requirements of on-ground electron density distribution measurement of the transient plasma flow fields, the feasibility of measuring electron density profile with seven-channel microwave interferometer measurement system is demonstrated in this article. The wake plasma is modeled as a non-uniform multilayer medium, and the full-wave simulation software FEKO is used to calculate the phase-shift information of EM wave transmitting through non-uniform single-layered dielectric plate, uniform and non-uniform multi-layered dielectric plates. According to the simulation results, the dielectric constant of the substrate is retrieved and compared with the preset results. The retrieved results show that it is feasible to measure the dielectric constant distribution of non-uniform multi-layered dielectric plate utilizing the proposed microwave interferometer system with one transmission port and seven receptions. The amplitude-phase dynamic range analysis of the proposed Ka-band microwave measurement system is also demonstrated. The key technologies including large instantaneous amplitude-phase dynamic range and ray tracking inversion algorithm for two-dimensional (2-D) electron density distribution are also solved. Finally, the complete scheme of Ka-band seven-channel microwave interferometer measurement system is introduced. The system includes one lens antenna to generate the required plane wave and seven open-ended waveguide receiving antennas which are asymmetrically arranged to improve the lateral spatial resolution of the system. The system exhibits amplitude and phase dynamic ranges of over 65dB and 180° under 1 MHz IF bandwidth respectively. The plasma electron density distribution measurements utilizing the proposed seven-channel microwave interferometer system are carried out on the ballistic range and multi-functional shock tube. The response time of the system is smaller than 1μs, satisfying the requirement of the two-dimensional distribution measurement of the transient plasma flow field generated by the ballistic range and multi-functional shock tube. The differences between experimental and numerical results are less than 0.5 order of magnitude and the variations in transient plasma generated in both ballistic target and shock tube equipments were well detected. The measurement range of plasma electron density is 1010-1013 cm-3 and the spatial resolution is better than 15mm. In addition, the proposed ray tracing method is also used to invert the 2-D electron density distribution of both square and cylindrical layered models under identical experimental state. The results are in consistent with each other, indicating that the proposed ray tracing method can be applied in the inversion of 2-D electron density distribution of plasma with different shapes.
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Keywords:
- Hypervelocity flow field /
- plasma /
- microwave interferometer /
- electron density /
- distribution measurement
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