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空间无线功率传输技术为实现轨道空间站及星载设备的太阳能供电提供了创新解决方案, 然而其产生的高强度电磁脉冲将对卫星常用的单结砷化镓(GaAs)太阳电池构成潜在威胁. 目前, 强电磁脉冲作用下太阳电池的损伤物理机制尚未得到充分阐明. 本研究通过半导体仿真软件建立了单结砷化镓太阳电池的多物理场耦合模型, 系统研究了电磁脉冲作用下电池的热-电耦合损伤机理. 基于多参数仿真分析, 研究了电压幅值和频率电磁脉冲对单结砷化镓太阳电池的损伤规律, 揭示了电压幅值和频率与烧毁时间的关系, 以及不同频段电磁脉冲作用下的损伤模式差异. 本研究对于深入理解空间太阳电池的电磁损伤机理、指导航天器电源系统的电磁防护设计具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值.The technology of space-based wireless power transfer presents a potential solution for supplying energy to spacecraft. However, this method transmits energy through high-power electromagnetic pulses, which may pose a potential threat to gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells. Currently, the damage mechanisms affecting solar cells in these conditions remain unclear. To solve this issue, the thermo-electrical coupled damage mechanism of single-junction GaAs solar cells is investigated using a comprehensive multiphysics simulation model in this work. The damage characteristics of the solar cells under varying voltage and frequency inputs are simulated and analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between burnout time and both input voltage and frequency are investigated, and the differences in damage mechanisms observed at different frequencies are elucidated. The results indicate that due to high current density and contact resistance, burnout mainly occurs at the cathode electrode contacts. Additionally, the PN junction and the anode contact experience significant temperature elevations, which is more likely to affect the cell performance. By deepening our understanding of how high-power electromagnetic pulses damage space solar cells, this study will provide support for designing electromagnetic protection systems for spacecraft power architectures.
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Keywords:
- electromagnetic pulses /
- gallium arsenide /
- solar cells /
- thermal damage
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图 3 幅值为80 V正弦波输入后, 电池温度分布、最大温度与总电流变化图
Fig. 3. Temperature distribution, maximum temperature, and total current under 80 V sine wave injection.
图 4 电池烧毁时刻的温度分布
Fig. 4. Temperature distribution of solar cell at the moment of burnout.
图 5 温升过程中的电池截面物理量变化过程 (a) 温度; (b) 电势; (c) 电导率; (d) 电场强度
Fig. 5. Changes in physical quantities of the cell cross-section during the temperature rise process: (a) Temperature; (b) electric potential; (c) conductivity; (d) electric field strength.
图 6 不同电压下的电流、最大温度随时间变化的曲线对比 (a) 电流曲线; (b) 最大温度曲线
Fig. 6. Comparison of current and maximum temperature changes over time at different voltages: (a) Current curves; (b) maximum temperature curves.
图 7 注入50 V正弦波时, X = 0.1 μm截线处的电导率变化
Fig. 7. Dynamics of conductivity along the cutline at X = 0.1 μm under 50 V sine wave injection.
图 8 不同电压下烧毁时刻的温度分布对比 (a) 50 V; (b) 100 V; (c) 150 V; (d) 200 V
Fig. 8. Temperature distribution at the moment of burnout under variable voltages: (a) 50 V; (b) 100 V; (c) 150 V; (d) 200 V.
图 9 弛豫时间与热传导距离的关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between relaxation time and heat conduction distance.
图 10 不同频率下的电流与最大温升曲线; (b) 最大温度曲线
Fig. 10. Comparison of current and maximum temperature changes over time under varied frequency conditions: (a) Current curves; (b) maximum temperature curves.
图 11 烧毁时长与微波参数的关系 (a) 电压; (b) 频率
Fig. 11. Relationship between burnout duration and microwave parameters: (a) Voltage; (b) frequency.
图 12 不同频率下的烧毁时刻温度分布 (a) 0.10 GHz; (b) 0.40 GHz; (c) 1.58 GHz; (d) 6.31 GHz
Fig. 12. Temperature distribution at the moment of burnout under variable frequencies: (a) 0.10 GHz; (b) 0.40 GHz; (c) 1.58 GHz; (d) 6.31 GHz.
表 1 仿真模型中的太阳电池基本结构参数设置
Table 1. Structural parameters of the solar cell in the simulation model.
结构 参数设置 结构 参数设置 帽层 1 μm, 5×1018 cm–3 n型GaAs 基极 1.5 μm, 1×1017 cm–3 p型GaAs 前表面场 0.03 μm, 7×1018 cm–3 n型GaInP 背表面场 0.1 μm, 2×1018 cm–3 p型GaInP 发射极 0.1 μm, 2×1018 cm–3 n型GaInP 衬底 0.5 μm, 1×1017 cm–3 p型GaAs 
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