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光钟作为新一代时间频率标准，通过将本地振荡器频率精准参考至光频原子跃迁频率，具备更高的频率准确度和稳定度. 自二十一世纪初第一台全光学199Hg+光钟成功问世以来，光学原子钟在近20余年里实现了跨越式发展. 当前顶尖光钟已实现10-19量级的系统不确定度和频率稳定度，这一指标较传统微波原子钟提升了两个数量级以上，为基础物理研究和精密测量领域开辟了全新研究维度. 本文系统综述了光钟的研究进展，包括中性原子光钟与离子光钟的性能突破、新型光晶格囚禁技术的应用以及系统误差抑制方法的创新；同时重点探讨了光钟在驾驭国际原子时、降低基本物理常数可能的变化速率上限、检验爱因斯坦等效性原理等精密测量领域的前沿应用，为后续光钟技术的发展与应用拓展提供参考．Optical clocks, as the next-generation time and frequency standards, achieve ultra-low systematic uncertainty and frequency instability by precisely referencing the local oscillator frequency to the optical atomic transition frequency. Since the successful development of the first all-optical 199Hg+ optical clock in the early 21st century, optical atomic clocks have made remarkable progress over the past two decades. Currently, state-of-the-art optical clocks have achieved systematic uncertainties and frequency stabilities at the 10-19 level, surpassing traditional microwave atomic clocks by more than two orders of magnitude. This breakthrough has opened up new research dimensions in fundamental physics and precision measurement.
This paper begins by reviewing landmark developments in ion optical clocks and optical lattice clocks. Corresponding tables are provided to summarize the best performance metrics achieved by all known research groups, along with the specific optical clock types developed by each.
The main focus of the paper is a review of precision measurement applications based on optical clocks, covering four key areas.
First, the method and typical setup for steering International Atomic Time (TAI) using optical clocks are introduced. The principles underlying optical frequency measurement data submission are summarized, followed by an overview of progress in TAI steering with optical clocks.
Second, the principles for constraining variations in fundamental physical constants through optical clock comparisons are briefly outlined. Recent results on the fine-structure constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio are presented to illustrate the capability of optical clocks in probing such variations.
Third, tests of Einstein’s equivalence principle are discussed, including principles and recent advances in examining local position invariance and local Lorentz invariance with optical clocks. Local position invariance is tested by measuring gravitational frequency shifts between clocks at different geopotential heights or within distinct regions of a vertical optical lattice. Local Lorentz invariance is probed by comparing optical clocks with different quantization axes; recent advances have pushed the upper limit on Lorentz-violation coefficients for electron-photon systems to the order of 10-21.
Finally, chronometric leveling based on optical clock comparisons is presented. A comparison with traditional geodetic methods is provided, highlighting the advantages of the chronometric approach. The paper also details recent experimental progress in chronometric leveling.
In the outlook section, the paper analyzes potential research directions for further enhancing the performance of optical clocks. It also explores the possible advancements in precision measurement applications, such as constraining the variation rates of fundamental physical constants, as the performance of optical clocks continues to improve.-
Keywords:
- Optical clocks /
- Precision measurement /
- Chronometric levelling /
- Atomic physics
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