面向感存算一体化的光电忆阻器件研究进展

单旋宇; 王中强; 谢君; 郑嘉慧; 徐海阳; 刘益春

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220350

摘要

脑启发神经形态计算系统有望从根本上突破传统冯·诺依曼计算机系统架构瓶颈, 极大程度地提升数据处理速度和能效. 新型神经形态器件是构建高能效神经形态计算的重要硬件基础. 光电忆阻器作为新兴的纳米智能器件, 因具备整合光学感知、信息存储和逻辑计算等功能特性, 被认为是发展类脑视觉系统的重要备选. 本文将综述面向感存算功能一体化的光电忆阻器研究进展, 包括光电忆阻材料与机制、光电忆阻器件与特性、感存算一体化功能及应用等. 具体将根据机制分类介绍光子-离子耦合型和光子-电子耦合型光电忆阻材料, 根据光电忆阻特性调节方式介绍光电调制型和全光调制型光电忆阻器件, 根据感存算一体化功能介绍其在认知功能模拟、光电逻辑运算、神经形态视觉功能、动态探测与识别等方面的应用. 最后总结光电忆阻器的主要优势以及所面临的挑战, 并展望光电忆阻器的未来发展.

关键词:

Abstract

Neuromorphic computing system, inspired by human brain, has the capability of breaking through the bottlenecks of conventional von Neumann architecture, which can improve the energy efficiency of data processing. Novel neuromorphic electronic components are the hardware foundation of efficient neuromorphic computation. Optoelectronic memristive device integrates the functions of sensing, memorizing and computing and is considered as a promising hardware candidate for neuromorphic vision. Herein, the recent research progress of optoelectronic memristive device for in-sensor computing are reviewed, including optoelectronic materials and mechanism, optoelectronic memristive device/characteristics as well as functionality and application of in-sensor computing. We first review the optoelectronic materials and corresponding memristive mechanism, including photon-ion coupling and photon-electron coupling type. Then optoelelctronic and all-optical modulated memristive device are introduced according to the modulation mode. Moreover, we exhibit the applications of optoelectronic device in cognitive function simulation, optoelectronic logic operation, neuromorphic vision, object tracking, etc. Finally, we summarize the advantages/challenges of optoelectronic memristor and prospect the future development.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
东北师范大学, 紫外光发射材料与技术教育部重点实验室, 长春　130024

2.
物理学国家级实验教学示范中心(东北师范大学), 长春　130024

通信作者: 王中强, wangzq752@nenu.edu.cn

基金项目: 科技部国际科技合作重点专项(批准号: 2018YFE0118300) 和国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11974072, U19A2091)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

2.
National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

Corresponding author: Wang Zhong-Qiang, wangzq752@nenu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the fund from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2018YFE0118300) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974072, U19A2091).

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施引文献

图 1 综述框架示意图, 主要包括光电忆阻材料与机制, 忆阻器件与特性、功能与应用三部分^{[14,19,30,41,44,64,72,95,96]}

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of optoelectronic memristor in terms of materials and mechanism, device and characteristics, functions and applications^{[14,19,30,41,44,64,72, 95,96]}.

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图 2 (a) MoO_x光电阻变式存储器的结构示意图; (b) Pd/MoO_x/ITO器件的脉冲开关特性; (c)器件阻变机制示意图^[30]; (d)基于PDR1A材料光学忆阻器结构示意图; (e) ITO/ZnO/PDR1 A/Al结构器件的可逆电阻调制过程; (f) PDR1A分子化学结构的示意图^[32]

Fig. 2. (a) Structural illustration of the MoO_x ORRAM; (b) pulse-switching characteristics of Pd/MoO_x/ITO device; (c) schematic of switching mechanism^[30]; (d) schematic of PDR1A based optical memristor; (e) conductance modulation of ITO/ZnO/PDR1A/Al device; (f) schematic of the PDR1A molecules^[32].

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图 3 (a) 基于MAPbI₃材料的平面结构器件示意图; (b) 光照抑制V_I^·/V_I^×形成加速V_I^·/V_I^×湮灭^[49]; (c) MAPbI₃忆阻器结构图; (d), (e) 光照强度对MAPbI₃器件开启电压和过充电流的影响^[18]; (f) Ag/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (OHP)/ITO结构光突触器件示意图; (g) 器件在光电脉冲刺激下的响应; (h) 响应幅值随照射时间、频率和强度的变化^[51]

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of MAPBI₃ based planar device; (b) light illumination inhibits the formation and accelerate the annihilation of V_I^·/V_I^× ^[49]; (c) structural illustration of MAPbI₃ based memristor; (d), (e) the variations of V_Forming and I_OV (overshoot current) with light intensity^[18]; (f) structural illustration of Ag/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (OHP)/ITO optoelectronic memristor; (g) current response under the stimulation of electrical and optical pulse; (h) current response depending on exposure time, frequency and intensity^[51].

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图 4 (a) ITO/CeO_2–x/AlO_y/Al结构光电突触示意图; (b) 器件阻变特性机制图^[14]; (c) 生物突触和硅纳米晶器件结构图; (d) 硅纳米晶能带结构和载流子输运示意图^[54]; (e) 光调制BP@PS忆阻器示意图; (f) BP@PS器件阻变机制的能带模型^[66]; (g) 基于单层MoS₂的忆阻突触器件; (h) MoS₂/p-Si结阻变示意图^[56]

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of optoelectronic synapse with ITO/CeO_2–x/AlO_y/Al structure; (b) schematic energy band diagram demonstrating memristive characteristics^[14]; (c) schematic of biological synapse and Si-NC-based device; (d) schematic illustration of the band structure and charge carrier transport of Si NCs^[54]; (e) schematic of light modulation BP@PS memristor; (f) energy band diagram explaining RS mechanism^[66]; (g) schematic of memristive synapse based on monolayer MoS₂; (h) schematic illustration of the resistive switching^[56].

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图 5 (a) 全无机钙钛矿基光电忆阻突触器件示意图; (b) 器件在紫外光下的光开关特性; (c) 器件在电学脉冲信号下的电导调制^[55]; (d) Al/GO-TiO₂/ITO存储器件结构图; (e) 紫外光照射对器件电初始化和阻变的影响; (f) 紫外照射时间对开关电压的调节^[16]; (g) 生物突触及RGO/GO-NCQDs/石墨烯全碳器件示意图; (h) GO-NCQD复合材料的光致还原过程^[73]

Fig. 5. (a) Structural diagram of all-inorganic perovskite optoelectronic synapses; (b) optical switching characteristics under UV light; (c) potentiation and depression behaviors under electrical stimulation^[55]; (d) schematic illustration of Al/GO-TiO₂/ITO memory device; (e), (f) the effect of UV irradiation time on forming (e) and switching voltages^[16] (f); (g) schematic illustration of biological synapse and RGO/GO-NCQDs/graphene memristor; (h) photo-reduction process of GO-NCQDs film^[73].

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图 6 (a) Au/O_D-IGZO/O_R-IGZO/Pt结构的全光调控忆阻器件; (b)不同波长光照射下IGZO器件响应电流; (c) 光照强度对光关闭过程影响; (d) 光开启和光关闭特性; (e) 全光调制过程机制图^[74]; (f) 基于BP材料的光电晶体管; (g), (h) 器件在280 nm和365 nm光脉冲下的响应电流; (i) 器件的长时增强和抑制特性^[19]

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of the Au/O_D-IGZO/O_R-IGZO/Pt device structure; (b) current response depending on light of various wavelengths; (c) effect of power density on optical reset behavior; (d) reversible modulation of device conductance; (e) schematic illustrations of all-optically controlled device^[74]; (f) schematic of BP based device; (g), (h) transient photocurrent under 280 nm and 365 nm illumination; (i) LTP and LTD behaviors under consecutive pulse^[19].

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图 7 (a) 基于Ag-TiO₂材料的全光调控忆阻器件; (b), (c) 可见光和紫外光脉冲刺激下器件的电流响应; (d), (e) 光照强度和时间对器件电流的影响; (f) 全光可逆调制过程; (g), (h) 器件在光电信号刺激下的运行机制^[82]

Fig. 7. (a) Fully light-modulated memristor based on Ag-TiO₂ nanocomposite; (b), (c) transient photocurrent under the illumination of visible and UV light; (d), (e) the response current depending on irradiation time and intensity; (f) fully light-modulated behaviors; (g), (h) operating mechanism of the Ag-TiO₂ based optoelectronic device^[82].

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图 8 (a) TiN_xO_2–x/MoS₂异质结光电突触器件; (b) 单个光脉冲引起的增强过程; (c) 对脉冲促进(PPF)功能; (d), (e)不同光照强度和时间下器件的电导响应; (f) 连续光脉冲引起的电导变化^[86]

Fig. 8. (a) Structural illustration of TiN_xO_2–x/MoS₂ heterostructure-based optoelectronic synapse; (b) optical potentiation process; (c) paired pulse facilitation function; (d), (e) conductance response depending on the illumination intensity and duration; (f) transient response under consecutive optical pulses^[86].

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图 9 (a) Al/TiS₃/ITO器件结构示意图; (b) 不同波长光照射下的电流-电压曲线; (c) 光电信号下的器件电导变化; (d) 巴普洛夫狗实验中经典条件反射模拟^[89]

Fig. 9. (a) Sandwich-like structure of the Al/TiS₃/ITO memristor; (b) RS behaviors modulated by different wavelengths; (c) conductance change under optical and electric signals; (d) simulation of classical conditioning in Pavlov’s dog experiment^[89].

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图 10 (a) 与门或门逻辑运算转换示意图; (b) 可重构与门、或门输出结果; (c) 真值表及输出电流值^[14]

Fig. 10. (a) Logic operation switching of “AND” and “OR” gates; (b) reprogrammable outputs of memlogic “AND” and “OR”; (c) truth table and output current of “AND” and “OR” gate^[14].

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图 11 (a) 基于光电忆阻器的图像记忆及预处理功能; (b) 神经形态视觉系统图像识别模拟^[30]; (c) 突触光电晶体管光照示意图; (d) 未知彩色光识别功能^[104]

Fig. 11. (a) Image memorization and preprocessing functions based on optoelectronic memristor; (b) simulation of image recognition in artificial neural network^[30]; (c) device structure of 2D perovskite/organic heterojunction synaptic phototransistor; (d) simulating the recognition of unknow light^[104].

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图 12 (a) 人类视觉神经系统及h-BN/WSe₂基突触器件示意图; (b) 不同光照条件下的长时增强和抑制行为; (c) 人工视觉神经网络训练测试实例; (d) 不同训练次数后的识别率^[106]

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic illustration of the human optical nerve system; (b) schematic illustration of the human optical nerve system; (c) dataset consisted of colored and color-mixed number for training and testing; (d) dependence of recognition rate on training epochs^[106].

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图 13 (a) 基于WSe₂/h-BN/Al₂O₃异质结的视网膜拟态传感器件; (b) 异质结器件相应的开关光响应; (c)—(e) 基于神经形态视觉系统实现目标追踪^[107]

Fig. 13. (a) Retinomorphic sensor based on WSe₂/h-BN/Al₂O₃ heterostructure device; (b) the On and Off photo response of heterostructure device; (c)–(e) object tracking of neuromorphic vision system^[107].

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图 14 (a) 多功能视网膜形态器件结构示意图; (b) 不同电压信号调节下的电流响应; (c) 基于二维神经形态器件的动态探测示意图^[113]

Fig. 14. (a) All-in-one retinomorphic device; (b) current response under various drain voltage modulation; (c) motion detection based on 2 D retinomorphic device^[113].

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面向感存算一体化的光电忆阻器件研究进展