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烧结在粉末冶金过程中对最终产品质量起着关键性作用, 理解和探索烧结过程中粉末压坯结构和缺陷的演变, 明确烧结的起始温度、结晶温度等, 可为烧结工艺的确定提供确切的信息. 本文采用内耗技术系统研究了单元系纯Al, Mg, Cu, Fe粉末压坯烧结过程的内耗行为. 在第一个循环的升降温过程中各发现了一个内耗峰、升温峰和降温峰. 降温峰是一个稳定的弛豫型内耗峰, 激活能和峰温表明, 该峰起源于晶界的黏滞性滑移. 升温峰的出现伴随着相对动力学模量和电阻的下降, 材料性能发生显著变化, 相应峰温可考虑作为单元系粉末烧结的起始温度. 升温峰具有明显的压坯颗粒粒径和成型压力依赖性, 随颗粒粒径或压制压力的减小而升高, 这与颗粒间弱结合界面数量和微滑移可动性的增大有关. 在升温测量时, 主要通过弱结合界面微滑移耗能, 内耗增加直至峰温所在位置, 弱结合界面转化为颗粒间晶界, 内耗迅速下降, 形成了非稳定升温峰. 升温峰的出现表明了粉末压坯烧结过程中颗粒间晶界的形成, 相应峰温亦可作为粉末压坯的结晶温度.Sintering plays a decisive role to determine final product quality in the powder metallurgy process. Understanding the law of structure and defects as well as determining the initial sintering temperature and crystallization temperature will prove clear information to determine favorable sintering technology for the powder compacted billet. In this paper, the internal friction characteristics in the sintering process for powder compact billet, pure Al, Mg, Cu, Fe are systematically studied in terms of internal friction technology. Two internal friction peaks, named heating peak and cooling peak are respectively found in the first run. The cooling peak is a stable relaxational internal friction peak. It is concluded that the peak is associated with the viscous sliding of grain boundary based on the activation energy and peak temperature location. The heating peak is an unstable internal friction peak corresponding to the decline of resistance and relative dynamic modulus, the peak temperature being considered as an initial sintering temperature due to the great change of material performance. Furthermore, the heating peak is dependent on powder particle size and compressing pressure, which increases with the decrease of particle size or compressing pressure. The dependence can be understood according to the increase of weak bonding interface and activated slipping distance between powder particles. The internal friction of the powder compacted billet in the heating process gradually increases with the temperature increasing, which is mainly due to the micro sliding of the weak bonding interface, but the enhancing trend stops and internal friction rapidly declines when the temperature approaches to the peak location due to the transition of weak bonding interface to grain boundary, as a result, leading to the formation of the heating peak. The occurrence of therising temperature peak indicates the formation of grain boundary between powder particles in the sintering process of powder compacted billet. Correspondingly, the peak temperature can be used as a crystallization temperature.
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Keywords:
- internal friction /
- metal powder compact /
- sintering /
- grain boundary
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图 1 升温测量过程中内耗-温度谱 (a) Al; (b) Mg; (c) Cu; (a) Fe
Fig. 1. Dependence of internal friction on temperature during heating process for (a) Al, (b) Mg, (c) Cu, (d) Fe
图 2 降温测量过程中内耗-温度谱 (a) Al; (b) Mg; (c) Cu; (a) Fe
Fig. 2. Dependence of internal friction on temperature during cooling process for (a) Al, (b) Mg, (c) Cu, (d) Fe
图 3 升降温过程中RDM-温度谱 (a) Al; (b) Mg; (c) Cu; (a) Fe
Fig. 3. Dependence of internal friction on temperature during heating and subsequent cooling process for (a) Al, (b) Mg, (c) Cu, (d) Fe
图 4 Cu和Fe粉末压坯的归一化电阻-温度谱
Fig. 4. Dependence of normalized resistance on temperature for the Cu and Fe powder compact
图 5 循环测量对Al粉末压坯P1峰的影响
Fig. 5. Influence of cycle times on P1 peak for the Al powder compact
图 6 颗粒粒径和压制压力对铝粉末压坯P1峰的影响 (a) 粒径; (b) 压力
Fig. 6. Dependence of particle size and compressing pressure on internal friction for the Al powder compact: (a) Particle size; (b) pressure
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[1] Goetzel C G 1949 Treatise on Powder Metallurgy (New York: Interscience Publishing) p156
[2] Kingston W E 1951 The Physics of Powder Metallurgy (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.) p21
[3] 黄培云 2011 粉末冶金原理 (北京: 冶金工业出版社) 第288页
Huang P Y 2011 Powder Metallurgy Principle (Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press) p288 (in Chinese)
[4] Krause R, Schatt W, Vetter B, Polity A 1990 Cryst. Res. Technol. 25 819
Google Scholar
[5] Hübner C G, Staab T, Leipner H S 1995 Status Solidi A 150 653
Google Scholar
[6] Wakai F, Nikolic Z S 2011 Acta Mater. 59 774
Google Scholar
[7] 方前锋, 金学军 2014 内耗与力学谱基本原理及其应用 (上海: 上海交通大学出版社) 第1页
Fang Q F, Jin X J 2014 Basic Principle and Application of Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectrum (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press) p1 (in Chinese)
[8] 王清周, 陆冬梅, 崔春翔, 韩福生 2008 物理学报 57 7083
Google Scholar
Wang Q Z, Lu D M, Cui C X, Han F S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7083
Google Scholar
[9] 吴筱毅, 熊小敏, 张进修 2012 物理学报 61 014601
Google Scholar
Wu X Y, Xiong X M, Zhang J X 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 014601
Google Scholar
[10] 何庆, 杨春利, 吴修胜, 陈志军, 陈初升, 刘卫 2010 物理学报 59 7979
Google Scholar
He Q, Yang C L, Wu X S, Chen Z J, Chen C S, Liu W 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7979
Google Scholar
[11] Xia Y, Wang X P, Gao Y X, Hu J, Zhuang Z, Guo L J, Fang Q F, Liu C S 2014 Chin. Phys. Lett. 31 016201
[12] Hao T, Tang H Y, Jiang W B, Wang X P, Fang Q F 2015 Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 2101
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[14] Golovin I S 2010 Phys. Met. Metallog. 110 405
Google Scholar
[15] Fan G D, Zheng M Y, Hu X S, Xu C, Wu K, Golovin I S 2012 Mat. Sci. Eng. A 556 588
Google Scholar
[16] Hao G L, Wang X F, Li X Y 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 026103
Google Scholar
[17] 冯端 1999 金属物理学 (第三卷) (北京: 科学出版社) 第94页
Feng D 1999 Metal Physics (Vol. 3) (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese)
[18] 葛庭燧 2000 固体内耗理论基础 (北京: 科学出版社) 第103, 104页
Kê T S 2000 Theoretical Basis of Solid Internal Friction pp103, 104 (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese)
[19] 郝汀, 唐海银, 蒋卫斌, 方前锋 2015 第十一届全国内耗与力学谱及其应用学术会议, 延安, 中国 2015年8月 第16−19页
Hao T, Tang H Y, Jiang W B, Fang Q F 2015 Collection in 11th National Symposium on Solid Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectrum and Its Application Yan’an, China, August 2015 pp16−19 (in Chinese)
[20] Nowick A S, Berry B S 1972 Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids (New York and London: Academic Press) p58
[21] Fan G D, Zheng M Y, Hu X S, Xu C, Wu K, Golovin I S 2013 J. Alloy. Compd. 549 38
Google Scholar
[22] Gunderov D V, Polyakov A V, Sitdikov V D, Churakova A A, Golovin I S 2013 Phys. Met. Metallog. 114 1078
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