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The great progress of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been made based on perovskites, and the external quantum efficiency of near infrared, red and green devices have reached > 20%, exhibiting their great potential applications in lighting and displays. However, the performance of blue perovskite LEDs is very poor, thus limiting their applications in the field of full-color displays. The blue perovskite LEDs can be achieved through mixed halides or quantum confinement effect. In this paper, we review the research progress of blue perovskite LEDs based on these two strategies, discuss the challenges to achieve high-performance perovskite LEDs and present our perspectives.
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Keywords:
- perovskite light-emitting diodes /
- blue /
- quantum confinement effect /
- halogen doping
[1] Deschler F, Price M, Pathak S, Klintberg L E, Jarausch D D, Higler R, Hüttner S, Leijtens T, Stranks S D, Snaith H J, Atatüre M, Phillips R T, Friend R H 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1421Google Scholar
[2] Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 687Google Scholar
[3] Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan Z K, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai M L, Friend R H, Huang W 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2311Google Scholar
[4] Era M, Morimoto S, Tsutsui T, Saito S 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 676Google Scholar
[5] Lin K, Xing J, Quan L N, Arquer F P G de, Gong X, Lu J, Xie L, Zhao W, Zhang D, Yan C, Li W, Liu X, Lu Y, Kirman J, Sargent E H, Xiong Q, Wei Z 2018 Nature 562 245Google Scholar
[6] Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nature 562 249Google Scholar
[7] Chiba T, Hayashi Y, Ebe H, Hoshi K, Sato J, Sato S, Pu Y J, Ohisa S, Kido J 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 681Google Scholar
[8] Zhao B, Bai S, Kim V, Lamboll R, Shivanna R, Auras F, Richter J M, Yang L, Dai L, Alsari M, She X J, Liang L, Zhang J, Lilliu S, Gao P, Snaith H J, Wang J, Greenham N C, Friend R H, Di D 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 783Google Scholar
[9] Xu W, Hu Q, Bai S, Bao C, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Borzda T, Barker A J, Tyukalova E, Hu Z, Kawecki M, Wang H, Yan Z, Liu X, Shi X, Uvdal K, Fahlman M, Zhang W, Duchamp M, Liu J M, Petrozza A, Wang J, Liu L M, Huang W, Gao F 2019 Nat. Photon. 13 418Google Scholar
[10] Cheng L, Cao Y, Ge R, Wei Y Q, Wang N N, Wang J P, Huang W 2017 Chin. Chem. Lett. 28 29Google Scholar
[11] Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xue Q, Yip H L, Cao Y 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1027Google Scholar
[12] Sadhanala A, Ahmad S, Zhao B, Giesbrecht N, Pearce P M, Deschler F, Hoye R L Z, Gödel K C, Bein T, Docampo P, Dutton S E, de Volder M F L, Friend R H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 6095Google Scholar
[13] Kumawat N K, Dey A, Kumar A, Gopinathan S P, Narasimhan K L, Kabra D 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 13119Google Scholar
[14] Kim H P, Kim J, Kim B S, Kim H M, Kim J, Yusoff A R bin M, Jang J, Nazeeruddin M K 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1600920Google Scholar
[15] Song J, Li J, Li X, Xu L, Dong Y, Zeng H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 7162Google Scholar
[16] Hou S, Gangishetty M K, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Joule 2 2421Google Scholar
[17] Chen Z, Zhang C, Jiang X F, Liu M, Xia R, Shi T, Chen D, Xue Q, Zhao Y J, Su S, Yip H L, Cao Y 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603157Google Scholar
[18] Xing J, Zhao Y, Askerka M, Quan L N, Gong X, Zhao W, Zhao J, Tan H, Long G, Gao L, Yang Z, Voznyy O, Tang J, Lu Z H, Xiong Q, Sargent E H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3541Google Scholar
[19] Jiang Y, Qin C, Cui M, He T, Liu K, Huang Y, Luo M, Zhang L, Xu H, Li S, Wei J, Liu Z, Wang H, Kim G H, Yuan M, Chen J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1868Google Scholar
[20] Wang K H, Peng Y, Ge J, Jiang S, Zhu B S, Yao J, Yin Y C, Yang J N, Zhang Q, Yao H B 2019 ACS Photon. 6 667Google Scholar
[21] Vashishtha P, Ng M, Shivarudraiah S B, Halpert J E 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 83Google Scholar
[22] Gangishetty M K, Hou S, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1706226Google Scholar
[23] Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, Zhang S, Miao Y, Zou W, Yi C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Q, Ke Y, Yu M, Jin Y, Liu Y, Ding Q, Di D, Yang L, Xing G, Tian H, Jin C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 699Google Scholar
[24] Sun Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Zhang S, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Li H, Yi C, Wang J, Huang W 2018 npj Flexible Electron. 2 12Google Scholar
[25] Zou W, Li R, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang N, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Guo Q, Di D, Zhang L, Yi C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 608Google Scholar
[26] Li G, Rivarola F W R, Davis N J L K, Bai S, Jellicoe T C, de la Peña F, Hou S, Ducati C, Gao F, Friend R H, Greenham N C, Tan Z K 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3528Google Scholar
[27] Yang M, Wang N, Zhang S, Zou W, He Y, Wei Y, Xu M, Wang J, Huang W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 2038Google Scholar
[28] Ke Y, Wang N, Kong D, Cao Y, He Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Xue C, Peng Q, Gao F, Huang W, Wang J 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10 380Google Scholar
[29] Wang F, Geng W, Zhou Y, Fang H H, Tong C J, Loi M A, Liu L M, Zhao N 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9986Google Scholar
[30] Li C, Guerrero A, Huettner S, Bisquert J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 5113Google Scholar
[31] Zhang J, Yang Y, Deng H, Farooq U, Yang X, Khan J, Tang J, Song H 2017 ACS Nano 11 9294Google Scholar
[32] Jun T, Sim K, Iimura S, Sasase M, Kamioka H, Kim J, Hosono H 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1804547Google Scholar
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图 4 单卤素多量子阱天蓝光钙钛矿LED[18] (a)不同电压下的EL光谱; (b)连续工作条件下的EL光谱; (c)不同初始亮度条件下器件的寿命
Fig. 4. Characterization of blue LEDs based on single-halide MQW perovskites[18]: (a) EL spectra of perovskite LEDs operating under different voltages; (b) EL spectra of device operating with various exposure time; (c) lifetime measurement of devices at different initial luminance.
图 6 混合卤素多量子阱蓝光钙钛矿LED (a)发光区域调控示意图; (b)不同PEDOT:PSS厚度器件的电流密度-电压-亮度; (c)不同PEDOT:PSS厚度器件的EQE-电流密度; (d) 4.4 V电压连续工作条件下器件的稳定性; (e)不同电压下器件的EL光谱; (f) 4.4 V电压连续工作条件下器件的EL光谱[11]
Fig. 6. Characterization of blue LEDs based on mixed-halide MQW perovskites: (a) Schematic diagram of the modulation of recombination zone position; (b) current-voltage-luminance; (c) characterization of EQE versus current density; (d) lifetime of device at a constant voltage of 4.4 V; (e) initial EL spectrum under different applied voltages; (f) EL spectrum under a constant applied voltage of 4.4 V as a function of time[11].
表 1 蓝光钙钛矿发光二极管研究进展
Table 1. Research progress of blue perovskite LEDs.
Perovskites EL peak/nm Peak EQE/% Luminance/cd·m–2 Ref. CH3NH3Pb(Br0.36Cl0.64)3 482 — 1.7 [13] CH3NH3Pb(Br0.4Cl0.6)3 ~ 480 — — [12] Cs10(MA0.17FA0.83)(100–x)PbCl1.5Br1.5 475 1.7 3567 [14] CsPb(Cl/Br)3 QDs 455 0.07 742 [15] CsMnyPb1–yBrxCl3–x QDs 466 2.12 245 [16] (4-PBA)-CsPbBr3 MQWs 435, 466, 491 0.015 186 [10] POEA-CH3NH3PbBr3 MQWs 480, 494, 508 1.1 19.25 [17] (IPA/PEA)-(MA/Cs)PbBr3 MQWs 490 1.5 2480 [18] PBA-CsPbBr3–xClx MQWs 473/481 0.16/0.25 217/509 [20] PEA-CsPbBr2.1Cl0.9 MQWs 480 5.7 3780 [11] BA-CsPb(Br/Cl)3 MQWs 465 2.4 962 [21] PEA-(Rb/Cs)PbBr3 MQWs 475 1.35 100.6 [19] -
[1] Deschler F, Price M, Pathak S, Klintberg L E, Jarausch D D, Higler R, Hüttner S, Leijtens T, Stranks S D, Snaith H J, Atatüre M, Phillips R T, Friend R H 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1421Google Scholar
[2] Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 687Google Scholar
[3] Wang J, Wang N, Jin Y, Si J, Tan Z K, Du H, Cheng L, Dai X, Bai S, He H, Ye Z, Lai M L, Friend R H, Huang W 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 2311Google Scholar
[4] Era M, Morimoto S, Tsutsui T, Saito S 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 676Google Scholar
[5] Lin K, Xing J, Quan L N, Arquer F P G de, Gong X, Lu J, Xie L, Zhao W, Zhang D, Yan C, Li W, Liu X, Lu Y, Kirman J, Sargent E H, Xiong Q, Wei Z 2018 Nature 562 245Google Scholar
[6] Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nature 562 249Google Scholar
[7] Chiba T, Hayashi Y, Ebe H, Hoshi K, Sato J, Sato S, Pu Y J, Ohisa S, Kido J 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 681Google Scholar
[8] Zhao B, Bai S, Kim V, Lamboll R, Shivanna R, Auras F, Richter J M, Yang L, Dai L, Alsari M, She X J, Liang L, Zhang J, Lilliu S, Gao P, Snaith H J, Wang J, Greenham N C, Friend R H, Di D 2018 Nat. Photon. 12 783Google Scholar
[9] Xu W, Hu Q, Bai S, Bao C, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Borzda T, Barker A J, Tyukalova E, Hu Z, Kawecki M, Wang H, Yan Z, Liu X, Shi X, Uvdal K, Fahlman M, Zhang W, Duchamp M, Liu J M, Petrozza A, Wang J, Liu L M, Huang W, Gao F 2019 Nat. Photon. 13 418Google Scholar
[10] Cheng L, Cao Y, Ge R, Wei Y Q, Wang N N, Wang J P, Huang W 2017 Chin. Chem. Lett. 28 29Google Scholar
[11] Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xue Q, Yip H L, Cao Y 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1027Google Scholar
[12] Sadhanala A, Ahmad S, Zhao B, Giesbrecht N, Pearce P M, Deschler F, Hoye R L Z, Gödel K C, Bein T, Docampo P, Dutton S E, de Volder M F L, Friend R H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 6095Google Scholar
[13] Kumawat N K, Dey A, Kumar A, Gopinathan S P, Narasimhan K L, Kabra D 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 13119Google Scholar
[14] Kim H P, Kim J, Kim B S, Kim H M, Kim J, Yusoff A R bin M, Jang J, Nazeeruddin M K 2017 Adv. Opt. Mater. 5 1600920Google Scholar
[15] Song J, Li J, Li X, Xu L, Dong Y, Zeng H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 7162Google Scholar
[16] Hou S, Gangishetty M K, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Joule 2 2421Google Scholar
[17] Chen Z, Zhang C, Jiang X F, Liu M, Xia R, Shi T, Chen D, Xue Q, Zhao Y J, Su S, Yip H L, Cao Y 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603157Google Scholar
[18] Xing J, Zhao Y, Askerka M, Quan L N, Gong X, Zhao W, Zhao J, Tan H, Long G, Gao L, Yang Z, Voznyy O, Tang J, Lu Z H, Xiong Q, Sargent E H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3541Google Scholar
[19] Jiang Y, Qin C, Cui M, He T, Liu K, Huang Y, Luo M, Zhang L, Xu H, Li S, Wei J, Liu Z, Wang H, Kim G H, Yuan M, Chen J 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1868Google Scholar
[20] Wang K H, Peng Y, Ge J, Jiang S, Zhu B S, Yao J, Yin Y C, Yang J N, Zhang Q, Yao H B 2019 ACS Photon. 6 667Google Scholar
[21] Vashishtha P, Ng M, Shivarudraiah S B, Halpert J E 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 83Google Scholar
[22] Gangishetty M K, Hou S, Quan Q, Congreve D N 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1706226Google Scholar
[23] Wang N, Cheng L, Ge R, Zhang S, Miao Y, Zou W, Yi C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Guo Q, Ke Y, Yu M, Jin Y, Liu Y, Ding Q, Di D, Yang L, Xing G, Tian H, Jin C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 699Google Scholar
[24] Sun Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Zhang S, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Li H, Yi C, Wang J, Huang W 2018 npj Flexible Electron. 2 12Google Scholar
[25] Zou W, Li R, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang N, Cao Y, Miao Y, Xu M, Guo Q, Di D, Zhang L, Yi C, Gao F, Friend R H, Wang J, Huang W 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 608Google Scholar
[26] Li G, Rivarola F W R, Davis N J L K, Bai S, Jellicoe T C, de la Peña F, Hou S, Ducati C, Gao F, Friend R H, Greenham N C, Tan Z K 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 3528Google Scholar
[27] Yang M, Wang N, Zhang S, Zou W, He Y, Wei Y, Xu M, Wang J, Huang W 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 2038Google Scholar
[28] Ke Y, Wang N, Kong D, Cao Y, He Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Xue C, Peng Q, Gao F, Huang W, Wang J 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10 380Google Scholar
[29] Wang F, Geng W, Zhou Y, Fang H H, Tong C J, Loi M A, Liu L M, Zhao N 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 9986Google Scholar
[30] Li C, Guerrero A, Huettner S, Bisquert J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 5113Google Scholar
[31] Zhang J, Yang Y, Deng H, Farooq U, Yang X, Khan J, Tang J, Song H 2017 ACS Nano 11 9294Google Scholar
[32] Jun T, Sim K, Iimura S, Sasase M, Kamioka H, Kim J, Hosono H 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1804547Google Scholar
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