铁电材料中的极性拓扑结构

谭丛兵; 钟向丽; 王金斌

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200311

摘要

调控磁性材料中的自旋拓扑结构(流量闭合型、涡旋、半子(meron)、斯格明子(skyrmion)等自旋组态)可以改进材料的磁性和电磁性能, 因而引起了学术界的广泛关注. 最近研究表明, 在尺寸效应、界面耦合及其相互作用、外延应变等作用下, 铁电材料中也会出现自发的极性拓扑畴结构, 同时表现出新的铁电相结构和丰富的物理性能. 本文总结了铁电纳米结构、铁电薄膜和铁电超晶格中的极性拓扑畴结构类型及其形成机理, 分析了这些极性拓扑结构与铁电、压电、介电、光电性能之间的关联, 并分别讨论了铁电材料中极性拓扑结构的整体拓扑相变调控和单个极性拓扑结构的外场调控, 最后展望了极性拓扑结构未来的可能研究方向.

关键词:

Abstract

Spin topologies, including flow-closure, vortex, meron, skyrmion and other spin configurations, are usually found in magnetic materials. The emergence of the topological structures will trigger a number of intriguing functionalities and physical properties. Recent studies have shown that the trival domain structures can be transformed into polar topological domain structures under certain boundary conditions, such as size-confining, interfacial coupling, and epitaxial strain. In this paper, we review the observations of polar topologies and their formation mechanism in ferroelectric nanoparticles, thin films, and superlattice films, and focus on the intriguing properties, including ferroelectric, piezoelectric, dielectric, and photoelectric performances, which arise from the formation of polar topologies. We also review the highlights of recent studies of the manipulations and evolutions of polar topologies under the external field loading in ferroelectric materials. Finally, the future research directions of polar topological structure and potential application directions are proposed.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
湖南科技大学物理与电子科学学院, 湘潭　411201

2.
湘潭大学材料科学与工程学院, 湘潭　411105

通信作者: 王金斌, jbwang@xtu.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家级-国家自然科学基金(11875229)

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China

2.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China

Corresponding author: Wang Jin-Bin, jbwang@xtu.edu.cn

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施引文献

图 1 磁性材料中典型自旋拓扑缺陷结构　(a) 畴壁结构^[42]; (b) 流量闭合畴结构^[42]; (c) 涡旋^[43]; (d) 反涡旋^[43]; (e) 中心发散型结构^[43]; (f) 中心收敛型结构^[43]; (g) 半子^[43,70]; (h) 斯格明子^[43,70]

Fig. 1. Typical spin topology defects in magnetic materials: (a) Domain wall^[42]; (b) flux-closure pattern^[42]; (c) vortex^[43]; (d) anti-vortex^[43]; (e) center-divergent pattern^[43]; (f) center-convergent pattern^[43]; (g) meron^[43,70]; (h) skyrmion^[43,70].

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图 2 铁电纳米颗粒中典型的极性拓扑结构　(a) 超小纳米片中的极性涡旋结构^[22,71]; (b) 纳米杆中的极性涡旋结构^[22,71]; (c) 纳米点中的极性涡旋结构^[74]; (d) BTO纳米岛中的极性涡旋^[75]; (e) PZT纳米岛中的涡旋畴^[28]; (f) BFO纳米岛中涡旋-反涡旋对结构^[76,77]; (g) BFO纳米岛中的中心发散型畴结构^[76-78]; (h) BTO单晶颗粒中的通量闭合畴^[64,79]; (i), (j) BFO纳米岛中的可转换中心发散-收敛型畴结构及其导电特性^[29-31]

Fig. 2. Typical polar topologies in ferroelectric materials: (a) Polar vortex in nanodisks^[22,71]; (b) polar vortex in nanorods^[22,71]; (c) polar vortex in nanodots^[74]; (d) vortex in BTO nanoislands^[75]; (e) vortex domain in PZT nanodots^[28]; (f) anti-vortex domain in BFO films^[76,77]; (g) center-divergent domain in BFO films^[76-78]; (h) flux-closure pattern in BTO crystal^[64,79]; (i), (j) center-divergent (convergent) domain in BFO nanoislands^[29-31].

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图 3 铁电材料中通量闭合型拓扑畴的可移动性　(a) 单晶片状PZNPT中自组装多级多畴通量闭合型拓扑畴^[26]; (b) 通量闭合型拓扑畴中心在外加电场下移动、合并和分裂^[27]

Fig. 3. Mobility of flux-closed topological domains in ferroelectric materials: (a) Bundles-like domain structures at the edges of the PZNPT single crystal lamella^[26]; (b) approach, coalesce and separate of the vertices after delivery of a prepoling field pulse^[27].

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图 4 铁电薄膜中极性拓扑畴的导电性: PFM导电探针在超薄BFO铁电薄膜诱导的通量闭合型畴结构(a)及其中心的导电性(b)^[65,66]; BFO铁电薄膜中通量闭合型与中心发散(收敛)型畴可逆转换(c)及其导电性差异(d)^[24,68]

Fig. 4. Conductivity of polar topological domains in ferroelectric thin films. Creation (a) and conductivity (b) of the flux-closure domain in BFO films^[65,66]; (c) flux- closure domain and center-divergent (convergent) domain in BiFeO₃ films and (d) their conductivity^[24,68].

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图 5 铁电薄膜中极性拓扑畴的TEM观察　(a) PZT薄膜中通量闭合型拓扑畴PZT^[34]; (b)超薄BFO薄膜中涡旋畴^[82]; (c)超薄BFO中的通量闭合型拓扑畴^[37]

Fig. 5. Observation of the polar topological domains in ferroelectric thin films: (a) Flux-closure domains in ferroelectric PZT^[34]; (b) vortex domains in ferroelectric BFO ultrathin films^[82]; (c) flux-closure domains in ferroelectric BFO ultrathin films^[37].

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图 6 铁电薄膜中极性泡泡畴　(a) PZT薄膜中极性泡泡畴; (b) 极性泡泡畴微结构; (c) 极性泡泡畴移动与合并^[83] ; (d) PFM下极性泡泡畴擦与写^[84]

Fig. 6. Observation of the polar bubble-like domains in ferroelectric thin films: (a) Polar bubble domains in PZT thin films; (b) structure of the bubble domains; (c) merging and coarsening of the polar bubble domains^[83]; (d) erasuring and recreation of the polar bubble domains^[84].

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图 7 铁电超晶格(PTO/STO)中的拓扑畴结构　(a) PTO/STO超晶格中通量闭合型拓扑畴阵列^[35]; (b) PTO/STO超晶格中极性涡旋拓扑畴阵列^[39,90]; (c) PTO/STO超晶格中拓扑畴结构演化相图^[40]; (d) PTO/STO超晶格中斯格明子拓扑畴结构^[41]

Fig. 7. Polar topological domains in PTO/STO superlattices: (a) Flux-closure domain arrays in a PTO/STO superlattices on GdScO₃ substrate^[35]; (b) polar vortex domain arrays in PTO/STO superlattices on DSO substrate^[39,90]; (c) a calculated phase diagram for PTO_m/STO_n illustrating the length scales within which different topological states can be stabilized^[40]; (d) polar skyrmion bubbles in a PTO/STO superlattices on STO substrate^[41].

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图 8 铁电超晶格中的拓扑混合相结构及外场调控　(a) AFM和PFM显示铁电相a₁/a₂与涡旋相分布^[95]; (b) TEM和(c)理论计算显示铁电相a₁/a₂与涡旋相共存^[96]; PTO/STO超晶格中拓扑畴结构的(d)外电场、(e)温度和(f)光辐射的可逆调控^[95,97]

Fig. 8. Topological mixed phase structure and field control in ferroelectric superlattice: (a) Lateral piezoresponse force studies revealing the distribution of a₁/a₂ and vortex phases^[95]; (b) dark field TEM image showing ferroelectric vortices and a₁/a₂-domain coexistence^[96]; (c) phase field model of the a₁/a₂-domain/vortex boundary^[96]; (d) reversible electric-field control of ferroelectric and vortex phases^[95,97]; (e) temperature-dependent synchrotron X-ray diffraction on reversible switching of ferroelectric and vortex phases^[95,97]; (f) reversible sub-picosecond optical pulses control of ferroelectric mixture and supercrystal structure^[95,97].

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图 9 极性拓扑畴结构的外场调控　(a) 创建极性斯格明子的理论方法^[98]; (b) 铁电复合材料中极性涡旋与斯格明子之间的拓扑相变^[88]; (c) 铁电超晶格中极性涡旋与斯格明子之间拓扑相变的相场模拟^[58]; (d) 铁电超晶格中极性涡旋原位外电场调控^[99]

Fig. 9. Topological mixed phase structure and field control in ferroelectric superlattice: (a) Theoretical guidelines to create polar skyrmions^[98]; (b) topoligical transition between polar vortex and skyrmion in ferroelectric nanocomposites^[88]; (c) phase field model of the topoligical transition between polar vortex and skyrmion in ferroelectric PTO/STO superlattices^[58]; (d) manipulating topological transformations of polar vortices in ferroelectric superlattices^[99].

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铁电材料中的极性拓扑结构