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Most of reported coding metasurfaces only use phase encoding or amplitude encoding to regulate electromagnetic waves, which limits the flexibility of terahertz wave regulation. In this work, a metasurface element structure is proposed. The metasurface element is composed of three layers, i.e. metal pattern structure layer, intermediate medium layer, and metal base layer. According to the geometric phase principle, the phase coverage in the 2π range can be achieved by rotating the metal pattern structure layer under the incidence of the circular-polarized terahertz wave. The metasurface element structure is arranged reasonably by using the phase coding, and the 1-bit and 2-bit phase coding metasurface are designed. First of all, the coding metasurface with interlacing “0” and “1” is designed to generate a double beam reflection under the vertical incidence of circular polarized terahertz waves, while the two-dimensional checkerboard coding metasurface with “0” and “1” generates a symmetrical four-beam reflection. In addition, the metasurface is designed to deflect the reflected beam, and the coding period is changed to design the metasurface to deflect the reflected beam to the specified angle, showing good flexibility. Finally, the convolutional operation is introduced to flexibly regulate the circular polarized beam, and the functions of beam splitting and reflection beam deflection are obtained. The amplitude coded metasurface is designed under theincidence of the online polarized terahertz wave, and the near-field imaging effect can be realized by the amplitude differentiation of polarization reflection. The designed amplitude coded metasurface realizes the function of imaging in space, presenting the designed “CJLU” pattern, which has different imaging effects at different observation locations. When the observation plane distance is 80 μm at the observation frequency of 1.22 THz, the near-field imaging effect is best. In conclusion, we propose a terahertz multibeam modulation reflection-coded metasurface, which combines geometric phase and amplitude variation to achieve different terahertz wave modulation functions under different polarization incident terahertz waves. The results from the simulated near-field radiation model and the far-field radiation model are both in agreement with the theoretical calculation predictions. The designed metasurface provides a degree of freedom method for terahertz wave polarization and phase manipulation, which greatly improves the efficiency of terahertz wave manipulation and has potential applications in terahertz systems.
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Keywords:
- terahertz /
- terahertz beam splitting /
- beam deflection /
- terahertz imaging
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Google Scholar
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图 1 编码超表面结构示意图 (a) 幅度编码超表面; (b) 相位编码超表面; (c) 超表面单元
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed coding metasurface: (a) Amplitude coding metasurface; (b) phase coding metasurface; (c) unit cell.
图 2 圆极化波入射时超表面单元的反射振幅和相位 (a)反射振幅; (b)反射相位
Fig. 2. Reflection amplitude and phase of the unit cell under the circularly polarized wave incidence: (a) Reflection amplitude; (b) reflection phase.
图 3 产生两分束太赫兹反射波的1-bit编码超表面 (a) 编码排布示意图; (b) 三维远场散射图; (c) 归一化反射振幅图
Fig. 3. 1-bit coding metasurface for generating two-reflected beam: (a) Layout diagram of coding metasurface; (b) three-dimensional far field scattering diagram; (c) normalized reflection amplitude diagram.
图 4 产生四分束的1-bit编码超表面 (a) 编码排布示意图; (b) 三维远场散射图; (c) 归一化反射振幅图
Fig. 4. 1-bit coding metasurface for generating quadrant beam: (a) Layout diagram of coding metasurface; (b) three-dimensional far field scattering diagram; (c) normalized reflection amplitude diagram.
图 5 编码超表面卷积过程示意图 (a)—(c) S1, S2和S3的超表面单元排布示意图; (d)—(f) 0.48 THz处左圆偏振入射时, S1, S2和S3的3D远场散射图; (g)—(i) 0.48 THz处左圆偏振入射时, S1, S2和S3的2D散射图
Fig. 5. Convolution process schematic diagram of the coding metasurface: (a)–(c) Layout diagram of S1, S2 and S3 metasurfaces; (d)–(f) 3D far-field scattering diagram of S1, S2 and S3 under left circularly polarized incidence at 0.48 THz; (g)–(i) 2D scattering diagram of S1, S2 and S3 under left circularly polarized incident at 0.48 THz.
图 6 2-bit反射编码超表面(“00-01-10-11···”) (a) 超表面排布示意图; (b) 超表面结构; (c) 三维远场散射图; (d) 归一化反射振幅图
Fig. 6. 2-bit reflected coding metasurface (“00-01-10-11···”): (a) Layout diagram of coding metasurface; (b) metasurface structure; (c) three-dimensional far field scattering diagram; (d) normalized reflection amplitude diagram.
图 7 2-bit反射编码超表面(“0000-0101-1010-1111”) (a) 超表面排布示意图; (b) 超表面结构; (c) 三维远场散射图; (d) 归一化反射振幅图
Fig. 7. 2-bit reflection encoding metasurface (“0000-0101-1010-1111”): (a) Layout diagram of coding metasurface; (b) metasurface structure; (c) three-dimensional far field scattering diagram; (d) normalized reflection amplitude diagram.
图 8 线极化波入射时超表面单元产生的反射幅度和反射相位 (a) 反射幅度; (b)反射相位
Fig. 8. Reflected amplitude and phase of the unit cell under linearly polarized wave incidence: (a) Reflection amplitude; (b) reflection phase.
图 10 观测频率1.22 THz处, 观测平面距离为60 μm的近场图像
Fig. 10. Near field image on an observation plane of 60 μm distance at 1.22 THz.
图 11 观测频率1.22 THz处, 观测平面距离为80 μm的近场图像
Fig. 11. Near field image on an observation plane of 80 μm distance at 1.22 THz.
图 12 观测频率1.22 THz处, 观测平面距离为100 μm的近场图像
Fig. 12. Near field image on an observation plane of 100 μm distance at 1.22 THz.
表 1 编码超表面单元
Table 1. Unit cell of the proposed coding metasurface.
1-bit相位编码 0 1 2-bit相位编码 00 01 10 11 旋转角度/(°) 0 45 90 135 相位/(°) –137.21 –49.09 43.99 131.99 俯视图 
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[1] Zhang C, Deng L, Wang L, Chen X, Li S 2021 Appl. Sci. 11 7128
Google Scholar
[2] Huang J, Yin X, Xu M, Liu M, Zhang Y, Zhang H 2022 Res. Phys. 33 105204
Google Scholar
[3] Sun X, Xu M, Wang G, Song Q, Li Y, Gao X 2022 Appl. Opt. 61 34
Google Scholar
[4] Xu Z, Sheng H, Wang Q, Zhou L, Shen Y 2021 SN Appl. Sci. 3 1
Google Scholar
[5] Dash S, Liaskos C, Akyildiz IF, Pitsillides A 2020 Mater. Sci. Forum 1009 63
Google Scholar
[6] Wang L, Lan F, Zeng H, et al. 2021 IEEE. 1 93
Google Scholar
[7] Gong Y, Quan B, Hu F, Wang H, Zhang L, Jiang M 2022 E Low dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 143 115334
Google Scholar
[8] Niu J, Li C, Mo W, Yao Q, Zhu A 2022 J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 55 395105
Google Scholar
[9] Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q 2014 Light Sci. Appl. 3 218
Google Scholar
[10] Li Z, Wang W, Deng S, Qu J, Li Y, Lü B 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 441
Google Scholar
[11] Yang D, Wang W, Lü E, Wang H, Liu B, Hou Y 2022 Iscience 25 104824
Google Scholar
[12] He C, Song Z 2022 Opt. Express 30 25498
Google Scholar
[13] Liu C X, Yang F, Fu X J, Wu J W, Zhang L, Yang J 2021 Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 2100932
Google Scholar
[14] Pan W M, Li J S 2021 Opt. Express 29 12918
Google Scholar
[15] Zhao D, Tan Z, Zhao H, Fan F, Chang S 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 818
Google Scholar
[16] Zheng S, Li C, Fang G 2021 Opt. Express 29 43403
Google Scholar
[17] Wang T, Chen B, Wu J, Yang S, Shen Z, Cai J 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 081101
Google Scholar
[18] Li W, Hu X, Wu J, Fan K, Chen B, Zhang C 2022 Light Sci. Appl. 11 1
Google Scholar
[19] Lin Q W, Wong H, Huitema L, Crunteanu A 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2101699
Google Scholar
[20] Ren B, Feng Y, Tang S, Wu J L, Liu B, Song J 2022 Opt. Express 30 16229
Google Scholar
[21] Ren B, Feng Y, Tang S, Wang L, Jiang H, Jiang Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 17258
Google Scholar
[22] Li J, Cheng Y, Fan J, Chen F, Luo H, Li X 2022 Phys. Lett. 428 127932
Google Scholar
[23] Wei J, Qi Y, Zhang B, Ding J, Liu W, Wang X 2022 Opt. Commun. 502 127425
Google Scholar
[24] Zang X, Yao B, Chen L, Xie J, Guo X 2021 Light: Adv. Manuf. 2 148
Google Scholar
[25] Liu S, Ouyang C, Yao Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Feng L 2022 Opt. Express 30 28158
Google Scholar
[26] Qi Y, Zhang B, Ding J, Zhang T, Wang X, Yi Z 2021 Chin. Phys. B. 30 024211
Google Scholar
[27] He J, Chen R, Li Y, Chen S, Liu Z, Zhang Q 2021 Appl. Opt. 60 5752
Google Scholar
[28] Zhong M, Li J S 2022 Opt. Commun. 511 127997
Google Scholar
[29] Kou W, Shi W, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Chen T, Gu J 2021 IEEE. 12 13
Google Scholar
[30] Chen D C, Zhu X F, Wei Q, Yao J, Wu D J 2020 J. Phys. D Appl. Phys 53 255501
Google Scholar
[31] Saifullah Y, Yang G, Feng X U 2021 J. Radars 10 382
Google Scholar
[32] Li S, Li Z, Han B, Huang G, Liu X, Yang H 2022 Front Mater 9 854062
Google Scholar
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