高速钝锥对不同类型来流扰动的三维感受性

万兵兵; 胡伟波; 李晓虎; 黄文锋; 陈坚强; 涂国华

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241383

摘要

来流扰动感受性是边界层转捩的起始阶段, 能决定边界层扰动以何种路径触发转捩. 目前二维感受性研究较为充分, 但现实来流扰动往往以非零角入射, 导致空间扰动在圆锥周向上存在分量, 造成感受性呈现三维特征, 该问题研究偏少. 前期仅研究了低频慢声波入射的三维感受性, 对于不同类型扰动的三维感受性问题还未做系统性研究. 本文采用高精度三维数值模拟技术和线性稳定性理论, 开展有入射角的不同频率快/慢声波、熵波和涡波的钝锥三维感受性研究. 结果发现, 入射慢声波能够激发边界层第一和第二模态; 快声波很难激发不稳定模态; 熵波和涡波在低频条件下难以激发第一模态, 但在高频下可激发第二模态. 扰动入射角可造成感受性因周向位置而异, 体现在主导扰动形式的差异和边界层扰动幅值的差异. 不同扰动类型、频率下这种差异表现出不同的规律, 入射正面、背面和侧面都有可能是最强感受性. 导致这些现象可能是上游头部和入射正面扰动的共同作用结果.

关键词:

Abstract

Receptivity to freestream disturbances is the initial stage of the boundary-layer transition process, which can determine the final path of boundary-layer disturbance triggering transition. At present, there is relatively sufficient research on the receptivity of two-dimensional boundary layers to zero incident angle disturbances. In fact, the freestream disturbances often propagate into the boundary layer in the form of non-zero incident angle, resulting in a component of spatial disturbance in the circumferential direction of rotating body (such as a cone). It is a receptivity problem with distinct three-dimensional features. However, there is relatively little research on this three-dimensional receptivity issue. The preliminary work only studied the three-dimensional receptivity to low-frequency incident slow acoustic waves. There has not been a systematic study on the three-dimensional receptivity to different types of freestream disturbances. The three-dimensional receptivity of a blunt cone to different freestream disturbances is studied in this work. Firstly, a high-resolution numerical simulation method is used to investigate the three-dimensional receptivity process by introducing freestream disturbances with an incident angle of 15°. The freestream disturbances include fast acoustic wave, slow acoustic wave, entropy wave, and vortex wave. Their frequencies are chosen as dimensionless 1.1 and 5, corresponding to the first mode frequency and the second mode frequency, respectively. Then, the phase velocity and shape function of the boundary-layer disturbances at each position of circumference for the numerical results are obtained by Fourier transform. To explain the receptivity mechanisms, the corresponding results by linear stability analysis are obtained for comparisons. The results are shown below. The first mode and the second mode of the boundary layer can be effectively excited by the incident slow acoustic waves; it is difficult for the incident fast acoustic waves to excite unstable modes in the boundary layer; the incident entropy wave and vortex wave are difficult to excite the first mode at low frequency, but can excite the second mode at high frequency. Furthermore, the incident angle of the freestream disturbances can lead to the differences in the receptivity at different circumferential positions of the cone, which can be reflected in two ways. One is the difference in the dominant disturbance form at different circumferential positions, and the other is the difference in the amplitude of boundary-layer disturbances. Under different disturbance types and frequencies, these differences between different circumferential positions exhibit different results. The strongest receptivity may occur on the incident front, the incident back, and the incident side. These phenomena may result from the combined action of the upstream head disturbance and the disturbance on the incident front.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

空天飞行空气动力科学与技术全国重点实验室, 绵阳　621000

通信作者: 涂国华, ghtu@skla.cardc.cn

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China

Corresponding author: Tu Guo-Hua, ghtu@skla.cardc.cn

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 钝锥子午面示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of blunt-cone meridian plane.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 钝锥计算域示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of blunt-cone computation domain.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 第一模态、第二模态和熵层模态的中性曲线^[37]

Fig. 3. Neutral curves of the first mode, the second mode, and the entropy-layer mode^[37].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 频率ω = 5条件下感受性数值模拟的网格无关性验证

Fig. 4. Grid independent verification of receptivity numerical simulation for ω = 5.

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图 5 不同来流低频扰动波的三维感受性数值模拟

Fig. 5. Three dimensional receptivity numerical simulations for different freestream disturbances with low frequency.

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图 6 不同来流低频扰动波条件下x = 30处的横截面显示

Fig. 6. Cross section displays at x = 30 for different freestream disturbances with low frequency.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 不同来流低频扰动波条件下壁面压力脉动扰动演化　(a) 快声波; (b)慢声波; (c)熵波; (d)涡波

Fig. 7. Evolution of the wall pressure fluctuations for different freestream disturbances with low frequency: (a) Fast acoustic wave; (b) slow acoustic wave; (c) entropy wave; (d) vortex wave.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 不同来流低频扰动波条件下壁面扰动相速度与稳定性理论比较　(a) 快声波; (b)慢声波; (c)熵波; (d)涡波

Fig. 8. Phase speeds of the wall disturbances compared with the stability theory for different freestream disturbances with low frequency: (a) Fast acoustic wave; (b) slow acoustic wave; (c) entropy wave; (d) vortex wave.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 不同扰动形状函数与稳定性理论(快模态、熵层模态和第一模态)比较　(a) 快声波, ξ = 200, φ = 90; (b)慢声波, ξ = 60, φ = 90; (c)慢声波, ξ = 350, φ = 90

Fig. 9. Disturbance shape functions (fast mode, entropy-layer mode, and first mode) compared with the stability theory: (a) Fast acoustic wave, ξ = 200, φ = 90; (b) slow acoustic wave, ξ = 60, φ = 90; (c) slow acoustic wave, ξ = 350, φ = 90.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 不同来流高频扰动波的三维感受性数值模拟

Fig. 10. Three dimensional receptivity numerical simulations for different freestream disturbances with high frequency.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 不同来流高频扰动波条件下x = 30的横截面显示

Fig. 11. Cross section displays at x = 30 for different freestream disturbances with high frequency.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 不同来流高频扰动波条件下壁面压力脉动扰动演化　(a) 快声波; (b)慢声波; (c)熵波; (d)涡波

Fig. 12. Evolution of the wall pressure fluctuations for different freestream disturbances with high frequency: (a) Fast acoustic wave; (b) slow acoustic wave; (c) entropy wave; (d) vortex wave.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 不同来流高频扰动波条件下壁面扰动相速度与稳定性理论比较　(a) 快声波; (b)慢声波; (c) 熵波; (d)涡波

Fig. 13. Phase speeds of the wall disturbances compared with the stability theory for different freestream disturbances with high frequency: (a) Fast acoustic wave; (b) slow acoustic wave; (c) entropy wave; (d) vortex wave.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 不同扰动形状函数与稳定性理论(快模态和第二模态)比较　(a) 慢声波, ξ = 60, φ = 90; (b) 慢声波, ξ = 350, φ = 90

Fig. 14. Disturbance shape functions (fast mode and second mode) compared with the stability theory: (a) Slow acoustic wave, ξ = 60, φ = 90; (b) slow acoustic wave, ξ = 350, φ = 90.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	陈坚强, 涂国华, 张毅锋, 徐国亮, 袁先旭, 陈诚 2017 空气动力学学报 35 311 Google Scholar Chen J Q, Tu G H, Zhang Y F, Xu G L, Yuan X X, Chen C 2017 Acta Aero. Sin. 35 311 Google Scholar
[2]	Saric W S, Reed H L, Kerschen E J 2002 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 34 291 Google Scholar
[3]	周恒, 张涵信 2017 空气动力学学报 35 151 Google Scholar Zhou H, Zhang H X 2017 Acta Aero. Sin. 35 151 Google Scholar
[4]	Goldstein M E 1983 J. Fluid Mech. 127 59 Google Scholar
[5]	Goldstein M E 1985 J. Fluid Mech. 154 509 Google Scholar
[6]	Ruban A I 1985 Fluid Dyn. 19 709 Google Scholar
[7]	Choudhari M, Streett C 1992 Phys. Fluids 4 2495 Google Scholar
[8]	Choudhari M 1993 Theor. Comp. Fluid Dyn. 4 101 Google Scholar
[9]	Duck P W, Ruban A I, Zhikharev C N 1996 J. Fluid Mech. 312 341 Google Scholar
[10]	Hammerton P W, Kerschen E J 1996 J. Fluid Mech. 310 243 Google Scholar
[11]	Wanderley J B V, Corke T C 2001 J. Fluid Mech. 429 1 Google Scholar
[12]	Wu X S 2001 J. Fluid Mech. 449 373 Google Scholar
[13]	Wu X S 2001 J. Fluid Mech. 431 91 Google Scholar
[14]	Dong M, Liu Y H, Wu X S 2020 J. Fluid Mech. 896 A23 Google Scholar
[15]	陆昌根, 朱晓清, 沈露予 2017 物理学报 66 204702 Google Scholar Lu C G, Zhu X Q, Shen L Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 204702 Google Scholar
[16]	Fedorov A 2011 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43 79 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhong X, Wang X 2012 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 44 527 Google Scholar
[18]	江贤洋, 李存标 2017 实验流体力学 31 1 Google Scholar Jiang X Y, Lee C B 2017 J. Exp. Fluid Mech. 31 1 Google Scholar
[19]	苏彩虹 2020 空气动力学学报 38 355 Google Scholar Su C H 2020 Acta Aero. Sin. 38 355 Google Scholar
[20]	Fedorov A V, Khokhlov A P 1991 Fluid Dyn. 26 531 Google Scholar
[21]	Fedorov A V, Khokhlov A P 2001 Theor. Comp. Fluid Dyn. 14 359 Google Scholar
[22]	Fedorov A V 2003 J. Fluid Mech. 491 101 Google Scholar
[23]	Ma Y B, Zhong X L 2003 J. Fluid Mech. 488 31 Google Scholar
[24]	Ma Y B, Zhong X L 2003 J. Fluid Mech. 488 79 Google Scholar
[25]	Ma Y B, Zhong X L 2005 J. Fluid Mech. 532 63 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhong X L, Ma Y B 2006 J. Fluid Mech. 556 55 Google Scholar
[27]	He S M, Zhong X L 2021 AIAA J. 59 3546 Google Scholar
[28]	He S M, Zhong X L 2022 Phys. Fluids 34 054104 Google Scholar
[29]	Balakumar P 2006 36th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. San Francisco, California, June 5–8, p3053
[30]	Balakumar P 2015 49th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference Dallas, Texas, p247
[31]	Balakumar P, King R A, Chou A, Owens L R, Kegerise M A 2018 AIAA J. 56 510 Google Scholar
[32]	张玉东, 傅德薰, 马延文, 李新亮 2008 中国科学G辑, 物理学力学天文学 38 1246 Zhang Y D, Fu D X, Ma Y W, Li X L 2008 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 38 1246
[33]	Qin F F, Wu X S 2016 J. Fluid Mech. 797 874 Google Scholar
[34]	Ba W T, Niu M H, Su C H 2023 AIAA J. 61 518 Google Scholar
[35]	Niu M H, Su C H 2023 Phy. Fluids 35 034109 Google Scholar
[36]	Wan B B, Luo J S, Su C H 2018 Appl. Math. Mech. (English Edition) 39 1643 Google Scholar
[37]	Wan B B, Su C H, Chen J Q 2020 AIAA J. 58 4047 Google Scholar
[38]	Chen Y F, Tu G H, Wan B B, Su C H, Yuan X X, Chen J Q 2021 Phys. Fluids 33 084114 Google Scholar
[39]	Stetson K F, Thompson E R, Donaldson J C, Siler L G 1984 AIAA 22nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting Reno, Nevada, January 9–12, 1984 p0006
[40]	Fedorov A V 1990 J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phy. 31 722 Google Scholar
[41]	万兵兵, 罗纪生 2018 空气动力学学报 36 247 Google Scholar Wan B B, Luo J S 2018 Acta Aero. Sin. 36 247 Google Scholar
[42]	欧吉辉, 万兵兵, 刘建新, 曹伟 2018 空气动力学报 36 238 Google Scholar Ou J H, Wan B B, Liu J X, Cao W 2018 Acta Aero. Sin. 36 238 Google Scholar
[43]	Han Y F, Zhou J T, Cao W 2022 Phys. Fluids 34 026101 Google Scholar
[44]	McKenzie J F, Westphal K O 1968 Phys. Fluids 11 2350 Google Scholar
[45]	Su C H, Geng J L 2017 Appl. Math. Mech. (English Edition) 38 1601 Google Scholar
[46]	Huang Z F, Wang H L 2019 J. Fluid Mech. 873 1179 Google Scholar
[47]	Malik M R, Balakumar P 2007 Theor. Comp. Fluid Dyn. 21 323 Google Scholar
[48]	Balakumar P 2007 37th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit Miami, FL, June 25–28, 2007 p4491
[49]	Wan B B, Chen J Q, Yuan X X, Hu W B, Tu G H 2022 AIAA J. 60 4523 Google Scholar
[50]	Zhang S H, Zhu J, Shu C 2019 Adv. Aerod. 1 16 Google Scholar
[51]	Ma Y K, Mao M L, Yan Z G, Bai J W, Zhu H J 2024 J. Comp. Phy. 510 113064 Google Scholar

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[20]	王涛, 高自友, 赵小梅. 多速度差模型及稳定性分析. 物理学报, 2006, 55(2): 634-640. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.634

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