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以轨道再入实验飞行器为研究对象, 采用热化学非平衡磁流体动力学模型对高超声速飞行器的表面热流进行数值模拟, 分析了不同飞行工况下壁面催化条件对气动热环境影响规律, 研究了外加磁场条件对热化学非平衡流场影响机制. 结果表明: 再入过程中, 表面热流随催化复合系数的增加呈单调递增分布, 壁面催化条件显著影响磁流体动力学控制效果, 总热流密度与壁面附近原子组分堆积量、扩散梯度及温度梯度密切相关. 外加磁场作用下, 壁面附近氧原子、氮原子组分堆积量减少; 洛伦兹力导致激波脱体距离增大, 组分扩散梯度、壁面温度梯度降低. 磁控热防护系统“电磁冷却”能力从大到小依次为全催化、有限催化、非催化壁面.In the re-entry process of the vehicle into the atmosphere, the high-temperature environment, induced by the compression of the strong shock wave and viscous retardation, is created around the head of a vehicle. These generate a conductive plasma flow field, which provides a direct working environment for the application of magnetohydrodynaimic (MHD) control technology. Numerical simulations based on thermochemical non-equilibrium MHD model are adopted to analyze the surface heat flux of an orbital reentry experiment (OREX) vehicle. The influences of wall catalytic conditions on the aerothermal environment under different flight conditions are discussed. In addition, the control mechanism of an external magnetic field on high-temperature thermochemical non-equilibrium flow field is analyzed. The results show that the distribution of surface heat flux monotonically increases with the catalytic recombination coefficient increasing, and the surface heat flux rises and then drops with the flight altitude decreasing. Moreover, the wall catalytic properties significantly affect the efficiency of MHD control technology, and the total heat flux is closely related to the accumulation of atomic components, diffusion gradient and temperature gradient near the wall region. With an external magnetic field applied, the accumulation of oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms near the wall can be reduced. Moreover, the Lorentz force can increase the shock standoff distance, and then reduce the component diffusion gradient and wall temperature gradient. Under three different wall catalytic conditions, the ability to control the surface heat flux MHD is ranked from strong to weak as fully catalyzed, partially catalyzed and non-catalyzed.
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Keywords:
- thermochemical non-equilibrium /
- magnetohydrodynamic /
- catalytic effect /
- numerical simulation
[1] 罗仕超, 张志刚, 柳军, 龚红明, 胡守超, 吴里银, 常雨, 庄宇, 李贤, 黄成扬 2023 力学学报 55 2439
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Luo S C, Zhang Z G, Liu J, Gong H M, Hu S C, Wu L Y, Chang Y, Zhuang Y, Li X, Huang C Y 2023 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 55 2439
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[6] 周凯, 彭俊, 欧东斌 2020 中国科学: 技术科学 50 1095
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Zhou K, Peng J, Ou D B 2020 Sci. Sin. Technol. 50 1095
Google Scholar
[7] 丁明松, 董维中, 高铁锁, 江涛, 刘庆宗 2018 航空学报 39 121588
Ding M S, Dong W Z, Gao T S, Jiang T, Liu Q Z 2018 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 39 121588
[8] 苗文博, 程晓丽, 艾邦成 2011 空气动力学学报 29 476
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Miao W B, Cheng X L, Ai B C 2011 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 29 476
Google Scholar
[9] 苗文博, 程晓丽, 艾邦成, 沈清 2013 宇航学报 34 442
Miao W B, Cheng X L, Ai B C, Sheng Q 2013 J. Astronaut. 34 422
[10] 莫凡, 王锁柱, 高振勋 2021 气体物理 6 1
Mo F, Wang T Z, Gao Z X 2021 Phys. Gases 6 1
[11] 梁伟, 金华, 孟松鹤, 杨强, 曾庆轩, 许承海 2021 宇航学报 42 409
Google Scholar
Liang H, Jing H, Meng S H 2021 J. Astronaut. 42 409
Google Scholar
[12] 罗凯, 汪球, 李逸翔, 李进平, 赵伟 2021 力学学报 53 1515
Luo K, Wang Q, Li J Y, Li J P, Zhao W 2024 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 53 1515
[13] Peng S, Jin K, Zheng X 2022 AIAA J. 60 6536
Google Scholar
[14] 陈刚, 张劲柏, 李椿萱 2008 力学学报 40 752
Chen G, Zhang J B, Li C X 2008 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 40 752
[15] 丁明松, 江涛, 刘庆宗, 董维中, 高铁锁, 傅杨奥骁 2019 航空学报 40 123009
Ding M S, Jiang T, Liu Q Z, Dong W Z, Gao T S, Fuyang O X 2019 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 40 123009
[16] Heather A M, Nikos N 2021 Phys. Fluids 34 107114
[17] 滕子昂, 周志峰, 张智超, 许珂, 高振勋 2024 气动研究与试验 2 86
Teng Z A, Zhou Z F, Zhang Z C, Xu K, Gao Z X 2024 Aerodynamic Research & Experiment 2 86
[18] Gupta R N, Yos J M, Thompson R, Lee K P 1990 NASA RP-1232
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Google Scholar
[20] Candler G V 2019 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 51 379
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Google Scholar
[22] 蒋浩, 车学科, 张天天, 龚陟阳, 柴振霞, 柳军 2023 空天技术 3 40
Jiang H, Che X K, Zhang T T, Gong Z Y, Chai Z X, Liu J 2023 Aerosp. Technol. 3 45
[23] Park C, Griffith W 1991 Phys. Today 44 98
[24] Gnoffo P A, Gupta R N, Shinn J L 1989 NASA/TP–2867
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Google Scholar
Li P, Cheng J Q, Ding M S, Mei J, He X Y, Dong W Z 2021 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 42 726400
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[29] 李开 2017 博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)
Li K 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defense Technology
[30] Doihara R, Nishida M 2002 Shock Waves 11 331
Google Scholar
[31] 罗仕超, 吴里银, 常雨 2022 物理学报 71 214702
Google Scholar
Luo S C, Wu L Y, Chang Y 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 214702
Google Scholar
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[34] 张智超, 高振勋, 蒋崇文, 李椿萱 2015 北京航空航天大学学报 41 594
Zhang Z C, Gao Z X, Jiang C W. Li C X 2015 J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 41 594
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图 1 高焓膨胀管球头脱体激波实验图像与计算结果对比
Fig. 1. Comparison between high enthalpy expansion tube experimental images and calculated results of ball head detached shock wave.
图 2 不同催化壁面条件热流计算结果与实验结果对比
Fig. 2. Comparison between calculated heat flux under different catalytic wall conditions and experimental results.
图 3 不同壁面催化条件下热流分布 (a) 完全催化; (b) 部分催化; (c) 非催化
Fig. 3. Heat flux distribution under different wall catalytic conditions: (a) Full catalysis; (b) partially catalysis: (c) non-catalysis.
图 4 不同壁面催化模型OREX算例驻点热流计算与实验结果的比较
Fig. 4. Comparison of computed stagnation point heat flux with OREX experimental results under different wall catalytic models.
图 5 OREX各工况驻点热流随壁面催化复合系数的变化曲线
Fig. 5. Variation of stagnation point heat flux along wall catalytic recombination coefficient under various OREX conditions.
图 6 外加磁场对流场洛伦兹力及感应电流分布的影响(FCW)
Fig. 6. Lorentz force and annular electric current distribution with an external magnetic field applied (FCW).
图 7 外加磁场对流场振动焦耳热源项分布的影响(FCW)
Fig. 7. Vibrational Joule heat energy source term distribution with an external magnetic field applied (FCW).
图 8 全催化壁面外加磁场对流场温度分布的影响
Fig. 8. Temperature contour distribution under fully catalytic wall conditions with an external magnetic field applied.
图 9 不同壁面催化条件、磁场条件对驻点线温度分布的影响 (a) 平动温度; (b) 振动温度
Fig. 9. Temperature distribution along stagnation point line under different wall catalytic conditions with an external magnetic field applied: (a) Translational temperature; (b) vibrational temperature.
图 10 不同磁场强度作用下组元质量分数分布云图(FCW)
Fig. 10. Species contour structure under different imposed magnetic field strengths (FCW).
图 11 不同磁场强度作用下驻点线组元质量分数分布(FCW)
Fig. 11. Mass fraction of the species along stagnation point line under different imposed magnetic field strengths (FCW).
图 12 不同磁场强度作用下驻点线组元质量分数分布(PCW, γ = 7.7×10–3)
Fig. 12. Mass fraction of the species along stagnation point line under different imposed magnetic field strengths (PCW, γ = 7.7×10–3)
图 13 不同壁面催化条件下MHD流场压力分布轮廓图
Fig. 13. MHD flow field pressure profiles under different wall catalytic conditions.
图 14 不同壁面催化条件下驻点总热流密度随磁场强度的变化情况 (a) 总热流; (b) 传导热流; (c) 扩散热流
Fig. 14. Variation of heat flux at stagnation point along magnetic field strength under different wall catalysis conditions: (a) Total heat flux; (b) conductive heat flux; (c) diffusion heat flux.
表 1 高温空气里主要发生的反应类型及正逆反应控制温度[22]
Table 1. Main types of reactions in high temperature air and control temperature of forward and reverse reactions[22].
反应类型 反应表达式 控制温度 离解反应 $ {\text{AB}} + {\text{M}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}} + {\text{B}} + {\text{M}} $ $ 正向 : {T}_{\text{f}} = {T}^{\alpha }{T}_{v}^{1-\alpha };\text{ }逆向 : {T}_{\text{b}} = T $ 交换反应 $ \begin{array}{c} {\text{AB}} + {\text{C}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}} + {\text{BC}} \\ {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {\text{C}} \rightleftarrows {{\text{A}}^ + } + {\text{BC}} \end{array} $ $ 正向 : {T}_{\text{f}} = T;\text{ }逆向 : {T}_{\text{b}} = T $ 一般电离反应 $ \begin{array}{c} {\text{A}} + {\text{B}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \\ {\text{AB}} + {\text{M}} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } + {\text{M}} \\ {{\text{A}}_2} + {{\text{B}}_2} \rightleftarrows {\text{A}}{{\text{B}}^ + } + {\text{AB}} + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \end{array} $ $ 正向 : {T}_{\text{f}} = T;\text{ }逆向 : {T}_{\text{b}} = {T}_{v} $ 电子碰撞电离反应 $ {\text{A}} + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } \rightleftarrows {{\text{A}}^ + } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } + {{\mathrm{e}}^ - } $ $ 正向 : {T}_{{\mathrm{f}}} = {T}_{v};\text{ }逆向 : {T}_{\text{b}} = {T}_{v} $ 
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表 2 高焓球头实验流场参数
Table 2. Flow field parameters of high enthalpy ball head experiment.
参数 符号 值 速度/(km·s–1) ${V_\infty }$ 7.99 来流温度/K T∞ 345 总焓/(MJ·kg–1) ${H_0}$ 32 来流密度/(kg·m–3) ρ∞ 1.77×10–4
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算例 飞行时间 H/km ${\rho _\infty }$/(kg·m–3) Ma ${T_\infty }$/K C1 7441.5 71.73 6.489×10–5 23.89 214.98 C2 7451.5 67.66 1.143×10–4 22.22 225.99 C3 7461.5 63.60 1.960×10–4 20.09 237.14 C4 7471.5 59.60 3.255×10–4 17.55 248.12 C5 7481.5 55.74 5.203×10–4 14.71 258.74 C6 7491.5 51.99 8.065×10–4 11.80 268.20 C7 7501.5 48.40 1.253×10–3 9.06 270.65
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表 4 OREX飞行器计算网格
Table 4. Computational grid for OREX vehicle.
网格 $\Delta n$/(10–6 m) $R{e_{\Delta n, \infty }}$ Case_M1 252.00 20 Case_M2 126.00 10 Case_M3 50.00 4 Case_M4 25.00 2 Case_M5 7.20 0.6 Case_M6 3.60 0.3
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表 5 OREX各工况与实验数据拟合得到的驻点有效催化复合系数
Table 5. Effective recombination coefficient at stagnation point in accordance with experimental data under various OREX conditions.
工况 H /km 驻点热流实验结果$ Q_{\text{w},\exp}/(\text{MW}{\cdot}\text{m}^{-2}) $ 实验数据
拟合有效
催化系数
γ/10–3C1 71.73 0.354 7.7 C2 67.66 0.401 6.3 C3 63.60 0.410 5.5 C4 59.60 0.369 4.2 C5 55.74 0.275 5.5 C6 51.99 0.179 9.6 C7 48.40 0.093 36.0
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[1] 罗仕超, 张志刚, 柳军, 龚红明, 胡守超, 吴里银, 常雨, 庄宇, 李贤, 黄成扬 2023 力学学报 55 2439
Google Scholar
Luo S C, Zhang Z G, Liu J, Gong H M, Hu S C, Wu L Y, Chang Y, Zhuang Y, Li X, Huang C Y 2023 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 55 2439
Google Scholar
[2] Cui Z L, Zhao J, Yao J 2022 Chin. J Aeronaut. 35 56
Google Scholar
[3] Bonelli F, Pascazio G, Colonna G 2021 Phys. Rev. Fluids 6 033201
Google Scholar
[4] Davide N, Francesco B, Gianpiero C 2022 Acta Astronaut. 201 247
Google Scholar
[5] Yu M H, Qiu Z Y, Takahashi Y 2023 Phys. Fluids 35 056106
Google Scholar
[6] 周凯, 彭俊, 欧东斌 2020 中国科学: 技术科学 50 1095
Google Scholar
Zhou K, Peng J, Ou D B 2020 Sci. Sin. Technol. 50 1095
Google Scholar
[7] 丁明松, 董维中, 高铁锁, 江涛, 刘庆宗 2018 航空学报 39 121588
Ding M S, Dong W Z, Gao T S, Jiang T, Liu Q Z 2018 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 39 121588
[8] 苗文博, 程晓丽, 艾邦成 2011 空气动力学学报 29 476
Google Scholar
Miao W B, Cheng X L, Ai B C 2011 Acta Aerodyn. Sin. 29 476
Google Scholar
[9] 苗文博, 程晓丽, 艾邦成, 沈清 2013 宇航学报 34 442
Miao W B, Cheng X L, Ai B C, Sheng Q 2013 J. Astronaut. 34 422
[10] 莫凡, 王锁柱, 高振勋 2021 气体物理 6 1
Mo F, Wang T Z, Gao Z X 2021 Phys. Gases 6 1
[11] 梁伟, 金华, 孟松鹤, 杨强, 曾庆轩, 许承海 2021 宇航学报 42 409
Google Scholar
Liang H, Jing H, Meng S H 2021 J. Astronaut. 42 409
Google Scholar
[12] 罗凯, 汪球, 李逸翔, 李进平, 赵伟 2021 力学学报 53 1515
Luo K, Wang Q, Li J Y, Li J P, Zhao W 2024 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 53 1515
[13] Peng S, Jin K, Zheng X 2022 AIAA J. 60 6536
Google Scholar
[14] 陈刚, 张劲柏, 李椿萱 2008 力学学报 40 752
Chen G, Zhang J B, Li C X 2008 Chin. J. Theor. Appl. Mech. 40 752
[15] 丁明松, 江涛, 刘庆宗, 董维中, 高铁锁, 傅杨奥骁 2019 航空学报 40 123009
Ding M S, Jiang T, Liu Q Z, Dong W Z, Gao T S, Fuyang O X 2019 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 40 123009
[16] Heather A M, Nikos N 2021 Phys. Fluids 34 107114
[17] 滕子昂, 周志峰, 张智超, 许珂, 高振勋 2024 气动研究与试验 2 86
Teng Z A, Zhou Z F, Zhang Z C, Xu K, Gao Z X 2024 Aerodynamic Research & Experiment 2 86
[18] Gupta R N, Yos J M, Thompson R, Lee K P 1990 NASA RP-1232
[19] Shang J J S, Yan H 2020 Adv. Aerodyn. 2 19
Google Scholar
[20] Candler G V 2019 Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 51 379
Google Scholar
[21] Zhang W, Zhang Z, Wang X 2022 Adv. Aerodyn. 4 38
Google Scholar
[22] 蒋浩, 车学科, 张天天, 龚陟阳, 柴振霞, 柳军 2023 空天技术 3 40
Jiang H, Che X K, Zhang T T, Gong Z Y, Chai Z X, Liu J 2023 Aerosp. Technol. 3 45
[23] Park C, Griffith W 1991 Phys. Today 44 98
[24] Gnoffo P A, Gupta R N, Shinn J L 1989 NASA/TP–2867
[25] 李鹏, 陈坚强, 丁明松, 梅杰, 何先耀, 董维中 2021 航空学报 42 726400
Google Scholar
Li P, Cheng J Q, Ding M S, Mei J, He X Y, Dong W Z 2021 Acta Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sin. 42 726400
Google Scholar
[26] MacLean M, Marineau E, Parker R, Dufrene A, Holden M, DesJardin P 2013 J. Spacecraft Rockets 50 470
Google Scholar
[27] 莫凡, 高振勋, 蒋崇文, 李椿萱 2021 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 51 104703
Google Scholar
Mo F, Gao Z X, Jiang C W, Li C X 2021 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 104703
Google Scholar
[28] Luo S C, Wu L Y, Chang Y 2023 Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 132 108041
Google Scholar
[29] 李开 2017 博士学位论文 (长沙: 国防科技大学)
Li K 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changsha: National University of Defense Technology
[30] Doihara R, Nishida M 2002 Shock Waves 11 331
Google Scholar
[31] 罗仕超, 吴里银, 常雨 2022 物理学报 71 214702
Google Scholar
Luo S C, Wu L Y, Chang Y 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 214702
Google Scholar
[32] 罗仕超, 胡守超, 柳军, 吴里银, 孔小平, 常雨, 吕明磊 2024 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 54 274711
Google Scholar
Luo S C, Hu S C, Liu J, Wu L Y, Kong X P, Chang Y, Lü M L 2024 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 54 274711
Google Scholar
[33] Fujino T, Shimosawa Y 2016 J. Spacecraft Rockets 53 1
Google Scholar
[34] 张智超, 高振勋, 蒋崇文, 李椿萱 2015 北京航空航天大学学报 41 594
Zhang Z C, Gao Z X, Jiang C W. Li C X 2015 J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 41 594
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