基于塑料闪烁体探测器的宇宙线缪子与太阳调制效应观测

王德鑫; 张蕊; 尉德康; 那蕙; 姚张浩; 吴凌赫; 张苏雅拉吐; 梁泰然; 黄美容; 王志龙; 白宇; 黄永顺; 杨雪; 张嘉文; 刘梦迪; 马蔷; 于静; 纪秀艳; 于伊丽琦; 邵学鹏

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20241704

摘要

利用塑料闪烁体探测器进行了宇宙线缪子计数谱及各向异性特性的观测实验. 实验采用双端符合测量和标准γ源进行能量刻度, 显著减小了探测器的噪声干扰, 提高了测量数据的可靠性. 通过引入温度与气压修正函数, 对计数结果进行了气象效应校正. 实验结果显示, 缪子在塑料闪烁体探测器中的能量损失呈现出随时间和太阳活动变化的周期性特征, 反映出太阳对宇宙线各向异性的调制效应. 此外, 实验数据与羊八井观测站中子-缪子望远镜的观测结果在缪子计数的日周期变化趋势上表现出较高的一致性. 本研究为深入探索宇宙线缪子的能量分布及太阳调制效应提供了可靠的实验依据, 同时为宇宙线探测技术的应用与发展提供了重要参考.

关键词:

Abstract

Cosmic rays, originating from stars, supernovae, and other astrophysical sources, are composed of high-energy particles that enter Earth’s atmosphere. Upon interaction with atmospheric nuclei, these primary cosmic rays generate secondary particles, including neutrons, electrons, and muons, with muons constituting a dominant component at ground level. Muons, due to their relative abundance, stability, and well-characterized energy loss mechanisms, serve as critical probes for investigating the fundamental properties of cosmic rays. Studies of muon energy distribution, diurnal anisotropy, and their modulation by solar activity provide critical insights into the mechanism of particle acceleration in cosmic ray sources and the effects of solar and atmospheric.This study aims to characterize the counting spectra and anisotropic properties of cosmic ray muons by using a plastic scintillator detector system. The experiment was conducted over a three-month period, from December 2023 to February 2024, leveraging long-bar plastic scintillator detectors equipped with dual-end photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and a high-resolution digital data acquisition system. A dual-end coincidence measurement technique was used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio by suppressing thermal noise and other background interferences. Comprehensive calibration of the detection system was performed using standard gamma-ray sources, including ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ⁴⁰K, thereby ensuring precise energy scaling and reliable performance.The observed energy spectra of cosmic ray muons are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, which explains the energy losses caused by muons passing through the detector. Diurnal variations in muon count rates exhibit a pronounced pattern, with a systematic reduction occurring between 8:00 AM and 1:00 PM. This phenomenon is attributed to the solar shielding effects, where enhanced solar activity during daytime hours modulates the flux of galactic cosmic rays reaching Earth’s surface. To account for atmospheric influences, meteorological corrections are performed using temperature and pressure adjustment functions derived from regression analysis. These corrections indicate that atmospheric pressure and temperature are significant factors affecting muon count rates, and a clear linear relationship is observed.The study further corroborates these findings through cross-comparisons with data from the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory. Minor discrepancies, primarily in low-energy muon count rates, are attributed to variations in detector sensitivities and local atmospheric conditions. These observations underscore the robustness of the plastic scintillator detector system for capturing detailed muon spectra and anisotropic patterns.This research establishes a reliable experimental framework for analyzing cosmic ray muons and their modulation by solar and atmospheric phenomena. The results contribute to a more in-depth understanding of anisotropy of cosmic rays and the interaction between astrophysical and geophysical processes. Furthermore, these findings provide valuable insights for optimizing detection technologies and enhancing the accuracy of cosmic ray studies.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
内蒙古民族大学物理与电子信息学院, 通辽　028043

2.
内蒙古民族大学核物理研究所, 通辽　028043

3.
通辽市气象局, 通辽　028000

通信作者: 张苏雅拉吐, zsylt@imun.edu.cn ; 邵学鹏, shaoxuepeng78@163.com

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 12365018, U2032146, 12465024)、内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(批准号: 2023MS01005, 2024ZD23, 2024FX30)和内蒙古自治区科技英才项目(批准号: NMGIRT2217, NJYT23109)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Physics and Electronics, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028043, China

2.
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028043, China

3.
Tongliao Meteorological Bureau, Tongliao 028000, China

Corresponding author: ZHANG Suyalatu, zsylt@imun.edu.cn ; SHAO Xuepeng, shaoxuepeng78@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12365018, U2032146, 12465024), the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China (Grant Nos. 2023MS01005, 2024ZD23, 2024FX30), and the Program of Innovative Research Team and Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China (Grant Nos. NMGIRT2217, NJYT23109).

文章全文

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 实验装置示意图

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 示波器上输出的两端PMT的过阈信号

Fig. 2. The over threshold signal of PMT at both ends output on the oscilloscope

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 (a)标准γ源光输出谱; (b)能量刻度曲线

Fig. 3. (a) Standard γ source light output spectrum; (b) energy scale curve

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 (a)实验期间的气象数据信息图; (b)气压修正后的计数

Fig. 4. (a) Meteorological data information chart during the experiment; (b) count after pressure correction

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 本实验中的测量宇宙线缪子计数谱

Fig. 5. Measurement of cosmic ray muon spectra in this experiment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 本实验中的测量日期与时间相关的二维计数谱及其在x轴和y轴上的投影

Fig. 6. The two-dimensional counting spectra of measurement dates and daliy time in this experiment, as well as their projections on the x and y axes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 同一日期下的羊八井宇宙线观测站中子-缪子望远镜的计数二维谱以及其在x轴和y轴上的投影

Fig. 7. The two-dimensional spectrum of the count of the neutron muon telescope at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory on the same date, as well as its projection on the x and y axes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 归一化后的本实验所获得的宇宙线缪子计数与羊八井实验结果对比

Fig. 8. Comparison between the normalized cosmic ray muon counts obtained in this experiment and the results of the Yangbajing experiment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	刘佳, 曹臻 2024 物理 53 237 Google Scholar Liu J, Cao Z 2024 Physics 53 237 Google Scholar
[2]	李骢, 杨睿智, 曹臻 2024 科学通报 69 2698 Google Scholar Li C, Yang R Z, Cao Z 2024 Chin. Sci. Bull. 69 2698 Google Scholar
[3]	阿西克古, 周勋秀, 张云峰 2024 物理学报 73 129201 Google Scholar Axi Kugu, Zhou X X, Zhang Y F 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 73 129201 Google Scholar
[4]	Compton A H, Getting I A 1935 Phys. Rev. 47 817 Google Scholar
[5]	宋小健, 罗熙 2022 年中国地球科学联合学术年会论文集-1 (北京: 北京伯通电子出版社) 第9页 Song X J, Luo X 2022 Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of Chinese Earth Sciences-1 (Beijing: Beijing Botong Press) p9
[6]	仝帆, 贾焕玉, 周勋秀等 2015 原子核物理评论 32 286 Google Scholar Tong F, Jia H Y, Zhou X X, et al. 2015 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 32 286 Google Scholar
[7]	刘珺, 周德文 2007 郑州大学学报 (理学版) 01 75 Liu J, Zhou D W 2007 J. Zhengzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 01 75
[8]	刘珺, 贾焕玉, 黄庆 2004 原子核物理评论 01 38 Google Scholar Liu J, Jia H Y, Huang Q 2004 Nucl. Phys. Rev. 01 38 Google Scholar
[9]	贾焕玉, 曹臻, 张慧敏 1994 高能物理与核物理 09 788 Jia H Y, Cao Z, Zhang H M 1994 High Energy Phys. Nucl. Phys. 09 788
[10]	刘烨, 牛赫然, 李兵兵等 2023 物理学报 72 140202 Google Scholar Liu Y, Niu H R, Li B B, et al. 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 140202 Google Scholar
[11]	Aemnomori M, Ayabe S, Cui S, et al. 2005 The Asrophysical Journal 626 L29 Google Scholar
[12]	王启奇, 张湘, 田立朝等 2023 核技术 46 17 Google Scholar Wang Q Q, Zhang X, Tian L C, et al. 2023 J.Nucl.Tech. 46 17 Google Scholar
[13]	刘新铭, 宋小健, 耿泽坤等 2024 地球物理学报 67 1299 Google Scholar Liu X M, Song X J, Geng Z K, et al. 2024 Chin. J. Geophys. 67 1299 Google Scholar
[14]	肖政耀, 王梓丞, 黄新等 2022 广西物理 43 8 Xiao Z Y, Wang Z C, Huang X, et al. 2022 Guangxi Phys. 43 8
[15]	何韦杰, 李波 2024 大学物理 43 60 Google Scholar He W J, Li B 2024 College Phys. 43 60 Google Scholar
[16]	尹俊, 张亚鹏, 倪发福等 2017 核电子学与探测技术 37 929 Google Scholar Yin J, Zhang Y P, Ni F F, et al. 2017 Nuclear Electronics Detection Technology 37 929 Google Scholar
[17]	皮本松, 魏志勇, 王振等 2017 核技术 40 61 Google Scholar Pi B S, Wei Z Y, Wang Z, et al. 2017 J.Nucl.Tech. 40 61 Google Scholar
[18]	Han J X, Ye Y L, Lou J L, et al. 2023 Commun. Phys. 6 220 Google Scholar
[19]	耿朋, 段利敏, 马朋等 2010 原子核物理评论 27 450 Google Scholar Geng P, Duan L M, Ma Peng, et al. 2010 Nuclear Phys. Rev. 27 450 Google Scholar
[20]	郝佳欣, 郭戈, 孙保华 2024 大学物理 43 55 Google Scholar Hao J X, Guo G, Sun B H 2024 College Phys. 43 55 Google Scholar
[21]	常乐, 刘应都, 杜龙等 2015 核技术 38 46 Google Scholar Chang L, Liu Y D, Du L, et al. 2015 J. Nucl. Tech. 38 46 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang S Y L T, Chen Z Q, Han Rui, et al. 2013 Chin. Phys. C 37 71
[23]	唐云秋, 卢红, 乐贵明等 2004 空间科学学报 24 219 Google Scholar Tang Q Y, Lu H, Le G M, et al. 2004 Chinese Journal of Space Science 24 219 Google Scholar
[24]	Xu C L, Wang Y, Qin G, et al. 2023 Res. Astron. Astrophys. 23 025010 Google Scholar
[25]	Adamson P, Andreopoulos1 C, Arms K E, et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. D 81 012001 Google Scholar
[26]	Dorman L I 1974 Cosmic Rays, Variation and Space Exploration North-Holland
[27]	Erhart A, Wagner V, Wex A, et al. 2024 Eur. Phys. J. C 84 1 Google Scholar
[28]	周勋秀, 王新建, 黄代绘等 2015 物理学报 64 149202 Google Scholar Zhou X X, Wang X J, Huang D H, et al. 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 149202 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhang J L, Tan Y H, Wang H, et al. 2010 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 623 1030 Google Scholar
[30]	Institute of High Energy Physics (ihep.ac.cn) http://ybjnm.ihep.ac.cn/.

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基于塑料闪烁体探测器的宇宙线缪子与太阳调制效应观测