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量子光-物质相互作用系统的非平衡热能输运近来引起密切关注. 本文研究非平衡各向异性Dicke模型中的量子热流及热整流行为. 通过引入量子缀饰态主方程处理光子-量子比特强耦合. 研究结果表明, 各向异性光子-量子比特强耦合能有效调节热流. 量子比特数增多有利于增强热流. 在热力学极限近似和极限各向异性系数下, 得到热流的解析表达式. 该热流解析式为有限尺寸各向异性Dicke模型的热流上限. 较大的各向异性系数和光子-量子比特非弱耦合有助于实现显著的热整流效应.笔者希望这些结果能够加深对各向异性光-物质相互作用系统中非平衡热能输运的理解.
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关键词:
- 量子光-物质相互作用 /
- 量子输运 /
- 开放量子系统
Nonequilibrium heat transport and quantum thermodynamics in quantum light-matter interacting systems have received increasing attention recently. Consequently, quantum thermal devices, such as heat valve and head diode, have been realized. Recently, it has been discovered that the anisotropic light-matter interactions can greatly modify the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of hybrid quantum systems, leading to nontrivial quantum phase transitions, quantum metrology, and nonclassicality of photons. To explore the influences of anisotropic light-matter interactions on quantum transport, we investigate quantum heat flow in the nonequilibrium anisotropic Dicke model. In this model, an ensemble of qubits collectively interacts with an anisotropic photon field, moreover, each component interacts with bosonic thermal reservoirs. The quantum dressed master equation (DME) is included to properly study dissipative dynamics of the anisotropic Dicke model. Within the eigenbasis of the reduced anisotropic Dicke system, the strong qubit-photon couplings can be handled. Our results demonstrate that anisotropic qubit-photon interactions are crucial for modulating steady-state heat flow. In particular, it is found that under strong coupling the heat flow is dramatically suppressed by a large anisotropic qubit-photon factor. While under moderate coupling, the anisotropic qubit-photon interactions enhance the heat flow. Moreover, the increase in the number of qubits amplifies the flow characteristics, with the peaks increasing and the valleys decreasing. Besides, we derive two analytical expressions of heat flows in the thermodynamic limit approximation with limiting anisotropic factors. These heat currents exhibit the cotunneling heat transport pictures. They also serve as the upper boundaries for the heat flows in the anisotropic Dicke model with finite qubit numbers. We also analyze the thermal rectification effect in the anisotropic Dicke model. It is found that a large temperature bias, a large anisotropic qubit-photon factor, and nonweak qubit-photon coupling are helpful in achieving the giant thermal rectification factor. We hope that these results can deepen the understanding of nonequilibrium heat transport in the anisotropic quantum light-matter interacting systems. -
图 1 (a)和(b)分别是各向异性Dicke模型和耦合谐振子模型的示意图, 其中光子和量子比特分别与各自热库相互作用. (c)为方程(3)处的耦合振子哈密顿量在参数$ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $下的两个本征模. (d)展示了在本征基矢下耦合振子系统与热库之间的非相干能量交换过程
Fig. 1. A schematic description of (a) anisotropic Dicke model and (b) two-coupled-oscillator model, of which these quantum components, i.e., qubits and photons, individually interact with bosonic thermal reservoirs. (c) Two eigenmodes of two-coupled-oscillator Hamiltonian at Eq. (3) with $ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, and the truncation numbers of two bosonic modes are $ N^a_{\rm tr}=N^b_{\rm tr}=30 $. (d) Incoherent energy exchange processes between the two-coupled-oscillator system in the eigen-basis and the thermal reservoirs.
图 2 光子-量子比特耦合强度λ和各向异性系数γ对热流$ J_q $的影响 (a) 为单量子比特极限, (b) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $、(c) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=4 $和(d) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=6 $为有限量子比特数下的热流行为. 图中的红色线条代表$ \gamma=0 $与$ \gamma=1 $下的热流行为. 其他系统参数为$ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c= $$ 20\omega_a $, $ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $, $ T_r=1.2\omega_a $, 和 $ T_q=0.6\omega_a $
Fig. 2. The influence of qubit-photon coupling strength λ and anisotropic factor γ on steady state heat flow $ J_q $ in (a) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=1 $, and finite numbers of qubits (b) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $, (c) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=4 $, and (d) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=6 $. The redlines denote heat flows at $ \gamma=0 $ and $ \gamma=1 $ limiting cases. System parameters are given by $ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c=20\omega_a $, $ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $, $ T_r=1.2\omega_a $, and $ T_q=0.6\omega_a $.
图 3 (a) 非平衡耦合谐振子中热流在同各向异性系数下的行为. (b) 各向异性系数在$ \lambda/\omega_a=0.4 $时对热流的影响. 其他系统参数为$ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c=20\omega_a $, $ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $, $ T_r=1.2\omega_a $和$ T_q=0.6\omega_a $
Fig. 3. (a) The steady-state heat flow of the nonequilibrium two-coupled-oscillator model by tuning the qubit-photon interaction strength with various anisotropic factors. (b) The influence of anisotropic factor on the heat flow at $ \lambda/\omega_a=0.4 $. Other system parameters are given by $ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c=20\omega_a $, $ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $, $ T_r=1.2\omega_a $, and $ T_q=0.6\omega_a $.
图 4 $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $时, 热整流因子$ {\cal{R}} $通过调节量子比特-光子耦合强度λ和温度偏差$ \varDelta{T} $ ($ T_r=T_0+{\varDelta}T/2 $, $ T_q=T_0-{\varDelta}T/2 $且$ T_0=\omega_a $)在(a) $ \gamma=0.2 $, (b) $ \gamma=0.5 $和(c) $ \gamma=0.8 $下的行为.$ {\cal{R}} $的最大值在(d) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $, (e) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=4 $和(f)$ N_{\mathrm{s}}=6 $下与λ和γ的关系. 其他系统参数为$ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c=20\omega_a $和$ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $
Fig. 4. Thermal rectification factor $ {\cal{R}} $ by tuning qubit-photon coupling strength λ and temperature bias $ \varDelta{T} $ ($ T_r=T_0+{\varDelta}T/2 $, $ T_q=T_0-{\varDelta}T/2 $, and $ T_0=\omega_a $) with $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $ at (a) $ \gamma=0.2 $, (b) $ \gamma=0.5 $, and (c) $ \gamma=0.8 $. Maximal value of $ {\cal{R}} $ by searching over the temperature bias as a function of λ and γ with (d) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=2 $, (e) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=4 $, and (f) $ N_{\mathrm{s}}=6 $. Other system parameters are given by $ \omega_a=1 $, $ \varepsilon=0.8\omega_a $, $ \omega_c=20\omega_a $, and $ \alpha_r=\alpha_q=0.001\omega_a $.
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