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伽马活化分析(光子活化分析)是一种有效的元素分析技术, 特别是对原子序数较小的轻元素和一些对热中子活化分析不灵敏的元素具有优势, 上海激光电子伽马源(Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source, SLEGS)光束线站的建成为在国内开展伽马活化分析及获取伽马活化数据提供有利条件. 伽马活化数据源于对光核反应生成的短寿命放射性核的退激发特征伽马射线的测量, 从而得到母核的种类和活度等信息. 伽马活化分析技术依赖于伽马源与低本底伽马射线测量装置, 具有数据处理高效、结果分析便捷的特点. 本文介绍了SLEGS束线站的伽马活化数据测量设备和伽马活化实验数据的获取及分析. 基于伽马活化数据分析, 对SLEGS束流流强测量及核天体物理中的光核反应开展了实验研究, 以及未来开展特征核素识别及科技考古等工作的展望, 伽马活化数据的应用范围和涉及领域日益扩大. 本文提供了低本底伽马测量数据及部分伽马活化测量数据, 本文数据集可在
https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00213.00194 中访问获取.Gamma activation analysis (GAA) represents a powerful elemental analysis technique, particularly suitable for light elements and those insensitive to thermal neutron activation. The establishment of the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS) beamline has provided a unique platform in China for conducting advanced gamma activation studies using quasi-monochromatic gamma beams and obtaining high-precision nuclear data. This paper systematically presents the gamma activation data measurement methodology and experimental setup developed at the SLEGS beamline, while demonstrating its specific applications and significant achievements in beam diagnostics and nuclear astrophysics research. As is shown in the overall workflow in Fig. 10 .The study was conducted at the SLEGS beamline. SLEGS generates tunable quasi-monochromatic gamma beams in the energy range of 0.66–21.7 MeV through inverse Compton scattering mode between a 3.5 GeV electron beam and a 10.64 μm CO2 laser (see experimental layout in Figure 1 ). The experimental procedure began with the online irradiation of target samples (e.g., natural abundance Au, Zn and Ru/Ga) to produce radioactive nuclei via photonuclear reactions. During irradiation, beam monitoring was conducted using LaBr3(Ce) or BGO detectors alongside spectral unfolding. Subsequently, offline γ-ray spectroscopy was performed on the activated samples using shielded HPGe detectors. Based on these measurements, the reaction cross-sections were ultimately determined by analyzing characteristic gamma peaks in conjunction with beam parameters and detector efficiency data.Absolute calibration of SLEGS gamma beam intensity was successfully achieved using 197Au(γ, n)196Au and 64Zn(γ, n)63Zn reactions. The measured results agreed with online monitor data and Geant4 simulations within 10% uncertainty ( Figure 6 ), validating activation as a reliable beam diagnostic tool. Key photonuclear reaction cross-sections relevant to p-process nucleosynthesis were measured. Using natural abundance Ru targets, preliminary quasi-monoenergetic cross-section data were obtained for 96Ru(γ, n)95Ru, 96Ru(γ, p)95Tc and 98Ru(γ, n)97Ru reactions (Figures 8(a) ,8(b) ). Systematic measurements of the 69Ga(γ, n)68Ga monoenergetic reaction cross-section were performed (Figures 8(c) ,8(d) ). The experimental data constrained parameters in the TALYS nuclear reaction model, enabling calculation of 69Ga(γ, n), (γ, p), and (γ, α) reaction rates over 1.5$\sim$10 GK temperature range (Figure 9 ). REACLIB-format parameters were derived for astrophysical network calculations. These experimental results provide crucial constraints for understanding the origin of p-nuclei.The study has successfully established a comprehensive and reliable gamma activation data acquisition and analysis platform at the SLEGS beamline of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Experimental results demonstrate that this platform can not only precisely calibrate gamma beam parameters but also conduct frontier fundamental research in nuclear astrophysics, particularly for measuring critical yet challenging p-process photonuclear reaction cross-sections. The obtained datasets hold significant importance for nuclear databases and astrophysical models. Looking forward, the SLEGS gamma activation platform will expand its applications to broader fields including characteristic nuclide identification, archaeometry, materials science, and medical isotope production. Low-background gamma data and partial gamma activation data were provided, which can be accessed in the dataset at: https://www.scidb.cn/s/RVRjEz .
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图 1 SLEGS束线站伽马活化实验布局示意图
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the SLEGS beamline and gamma activation Experimental layout.
图 2 SLEGS伽马活化离线测量布局示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the offline activation layout at the SLEGS beamline.
图 3 (a)SLEGS的束流时间分布谱与(b)伽马活化时间谱示意图
Fig. 3. (a)Schematic diagram of the beam time distribution spectrum and (b)gamma activation time spectrum of SLEGS
图 4 低本底屏蔽后测量天然本底能谱图(93小时)
Fig. 4. Natural background energy spectra after shielding (93 h)
图 5 (a) LaBr3(Ce)探测器测量伽马束能谱(黑实线)、LCS伽马能谱(红实线)与轫致辐射(Brem)伽马能谱(蓝实线); (b) 实测能谱(蓝实线)与蒙特卡洛重建谱(红虚线)、解谱得到的入射伽马能谱(绿实线)
Fig. 5. (a) The measured gamma beam spectrum by the LaBr3(Ce) detector(black solid line), LCS gamma spectrum component(red solid line); Bremsstrahlung(Brem)gamma spectrum(blue solid line). (b) Measured spectrum (blue solid line), Monte Carlo reconstruction (red dashed line); Unfolded true γ-ray spectrum(green solid line).
图 6 $ ^{197} {\rm{Au}}$、$ ^{64} {\rm{Zn}}$活化测量与LaBr3(Ce)直接测量、Geant4模拟流强结果对比
Fig. 6. Comparison of γ-ray beam flux results obtained from the $ ^{197} {\rm{Au}}$, $ ^{64} {\rm{Zn}}$ direct detection using LaBr3(Ce) scintillators, and Geant4 simulation results
图 7 靶核基态伽莫夫窗口 (a) $ ^{96} {\rm{Ru}}$(γ, n), (b) $ ^{96} {\rm{Ru}}$(γ, p)
Fig. 7. Gamow window on the ground state of target nucleus (a) $ ^{96} {\rm{Ru}}$(γ, n), (b) $ ^{96} {\rm{Ru}}$ (γ, p)
图 8 核天体物理相关的活化截面测量 (a, b) $ ^{Nat} {\rm{Ru}}$与(c, d) $ ^{Nat} {\rm{Ga}}$
Fig. 8. Activation cross section measurement of $ ^{Nat} {\rm{Ru}}$ (a, b) and $ ^{Nat} {\rm{Ga}}$ (c, d) in nuclear astrophysics
图 9 $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$的核天体反应率
Fig. 9. Astrophysical reaction rates of $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$
表 1 SSRF和SLEGS目前运行参数
Table 1. Operation parameters of SSRF and SLEGS
Parameter Value Description E-beam configuration
(ns/Bunch)2 SSRF E-beam energy (GeV) 3.5 SSRF E-beam current (mA) 180—210 Topup Mode CO2 Laser (μm) 10.64 Continue Mode Laser pulse width (μs) 50/950 On/Off Laser Power (W) 1—140 100 W, Average 5 W γ beam energy (MeV) 0.66—21.1, 21.7 20—160°, 180° γ beam spot (mm) 1—25 Selected by Collimator Energy Resolution 5—15% Resolution With Fine Collimator Total flux (γ/s) 4.8$ \times $$10 ^5 $—1.0$ \times $$10 ^7 $, 1.5$ \times $$10 ^7 $ 20—160°, 180° 
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表 2 ORTEC p型同轴高纯锗探测器参数
Table 2. ORTEC p-type coaxial high-purity germanium detector parameters
ORTEC GEM-50195-P GEM-70200-P 晶体直径(mm) 67.1 69.6 晶体长度(mm) 65.5 90.1 晶体死层(μm) 700 700 铝窗厚度(mm) 1.0 1.0 推荐高压(V) +2200 +2500 出厂分辨 1.69 keV@1.33 MeV
(0.13%)1.85 keV@1.33 MeV
(0.14%)目前分辨 4.53 keV@1.33 MeV
(0.34%)3.59 keV@1.33 MeV
(0.27%)探测效率 55.2%@1.33 MeV 74.2%@1.33 MeV 冷凝制冷 ${\rm{M}} \ddot{o} {\rm{bius}}$ LN-2
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表 3 反应$ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, n)$ ^{68} {\rm{Ga}}$, $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, p)$ ^{68} {\rm{Zn}}$及$ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, α)$ ^{65} {\rm{Cu}}$推荐的REACLIB参数
Table 3. Recommended REACLIB parameters for $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, n)$ ^{68} {\rm{Ga}}$, $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, p)$ ^{68} {\rm{Zn}}$ and $ ^{69} {\rm{Ga}}$(γ, α)$ ^{65} {\rm{Cu}}$
Reaction $ a_0 $ $ a_1 $ $ a_2 $ $ a_3 $ $ a_4 $ $ a_5 $ $ a_6 $ 拟合误差 (γ, n) 100.0 $ -100.0 $ $ -100.0 $ 24.17343 $ -8.81476 $ 0.86009 $ -6.64832 $ 9.07% (γ, p) $ -99.9999995 $ $ -95.31730 $ 47.22335 99.99999997 $ -8.88088 $ 0.44241 $ -13.29059 $ 0.00 (γ, α) $ -100.0 $ $ -87.00958 $ 34.26290 100.0 $ -11.21949 $ 0.70231 $ -7.09431 $ 0.10%
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