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Due to the development of the third-generation semiconductors representative of gallium nitride (GaN), the microwave power devices are developing towards higher power, higher efficiency and high integration. However, the electromagnetic field effects are more significant inside the device. As a result, circuit-level based simulation techniques can no longer satisfy the accuracy requirements of device design. Therefore it is necessary to urgently establish the field-circuit co-simulation techniques to couple the active GaN devices with passive electromagnetic structures. In this work, we propose a high-precision discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method to analyze the performances of GAN-based high-power microwave devices. The extracted large-signal compact model of the GaN HEMT is incorporated into the electromagnetic field equations. A local time-stepping technique is adopted to remove the constraints of nonlinear compact models and multiscale elements on the stability conditions of the global algorithm. The comparisons among numerical simulations, experimental results, and software calculations demonstrate the excellent accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, which can provide a theoretical analysis and design tool for the high reliability design of advanced high-power microwave devices.
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Keywords:
- GaN power devices /
- large signal equivalent topology model /
- field-circuit co-simulation technique /
- time-domain discontinuous Galerkin method
[1] 郝跃 2019 科技导报 37 58
Hao Y 2019 Sci. Technol. Rev. 37 58
[2] Riddle A 2008 IEEE Microwave Mag. 9 154
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[4] Prasad A, Thorsell M, Zirath H, Fager C 2018 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66 845
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Ma J G, Ma X H, Zhang H L, Cao M Y, Zhang K, Li W W, Guo X, Liao X Y, Chen W W, Hao Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 047301
Google Scholar
[7] Angelov I, Andersson K, Schreurs D, Xiao D, Rorsman N, Desmaris V, Sudow M, Zirath H 2006 2006 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Yokohama, Japan, December 12–15, 2006 p1699
[8] Schwantuschke D, Seelmann E M, Bruckner P, Quay R, Kallfass I 2013 2013 European Microwave Integrated Circuit Conference Nuremberg, Germany, Oct 6–8, 2013 p284
[9] Jardel O, Groote F D, Reveyrand T, Jacquet J C, Charbonniaud C, Teyssier J P, Floriot D, Quere R 2007 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 55 2660
Google Scholar
[10] Yuk K S, Branner G R, McQuate D J 2009 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 57 3322
Google Scholar
[11] Luo X B, Yu W H, Lü X, Lü Y J, Dun S B, Feng Z H 2014 IEICE Electron. Express 11 20140613
Google Scholar
[12] Wu Q Z, Xu Y H, Chen Y B, Wang Y, Fu W L, Yan B, Xu R M 2018 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66 1192
Google Scholar
[13] Zhao Z, Zhang L, Feng F, ZHang W, Zhang Q J 2020 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 68 3318
Google Scholar
[14] Sui W Q, Christensen D A, Durney C H 1992 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 40 724
Google Scholar
[15] Chen S T, Ding D Z, Chen R S 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 3034
Google Scholar
[16] Tian C Y, Shi Y, Shum K M, Chan C H 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 3026
Google Scholar
[17] Kuo C N, Wu R B, Houshband B, Qian Y, Itoh T 1996 IEEE Trans. Microwave Guided Wave Lett. 6 199
Google Scholar
[18] Ma K P, Vhen M, Houshband B, Qian Y, Itoh T 1999 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47 859
Google Scholar
[19] Gonzalez O, Pereda J A, Herrera A, Vegas A 2006 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54 3045
Google Scholar
[20] Bao H G, Chen R S 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 1490
Google Scholar
[21] Bagci H, Yilmaz A E, Jin J M, Michielssen E 2007 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 49 361
Google Scholar
[22] Chen S T, Ding D Z, Fan Z H, Chen R S 2018 IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 28 431
Google Scholar
[23] Lee J H, Liu Q H 2007 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 55 983
Google Scholar
[24] Ren Q, Bian Y, Kang L, Werner P L, Werner D H 2017 J. Lightwave Technol. 35 4888
Google Scholar
[25] Li P, Jiang L J 2013 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 61 2525
Google Scholar
[26] Zhang T, Bao H G, Gu P F, Ding D Z, Werner D H, Chen R S 2022 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 70 526
Google Scholar
[27] Gao J J, Werthof A 2009 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 57 737
Google Scholar
[28] Wen Z, Xu Y H, Wang C S, Zhao X D, Xu R M 2017 Int. J. Numer. Model. Electron. Networks Devices Fields 30 e2127
Google Scholar
[29] 闻彰 2018 博士学位论文 (成都: 电子科技大学)
Wen Z 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[30] Zhang H H, Wang P P, Zhang S, Li L, Sha W E I, Jiang L J 2020 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 169 87
Google Scholar
[31] Grote M J, Mehlin M, Mitkova T 2015 SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37 A747
Google Scholar
[32] Cui X, Yang F, Gao M 2018 IET Microwaves Antennas Propag. 12 963
Google Scholar
[33] Schomann S, Godel N, Warburton T, Clemens M 2020 IEEE Trans. Magn. 46 3504
[34] Wang R, Jin J M 2011 IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 33 769
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图 1 GaN HEMT大信号等效电路拓扑结构
Figure 1. Large signal equivalent circuit model of GaN HEMT.
图 2 大信号模型参数一体化提取整体流程
Figure 2. Process of parameter extraction for the large signal model.
图 3 微波功率器件场路耦合示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of field circuit coupling for microwave power devices.
图 4 相邻单元交界面处的数值通量
Figure 4. Numerical flux at the interface of adjacent elements.
图 5 微波放大器结构模型示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of microwave amplifier.
图 6 区域划分示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of area division.
图 7 LTS -DGTD计算流程示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of LTS-DGTD calculation.
图 8 GaN HEMT器件大信号模型S参数测试(符号)与仿真(实线)结果对比
Figure 8. Comparison of S-parameter between simulation (solid line) and measurement (symbol) of GaN HEMT large-signal model.
图 9 输出功率及效率对比 (a) 1.1 GHz; (b) 1.5 GHz
Figure 9. Comparison of output power and efficiency at different frequency: (a) 1.1 GHz; (b) 1.5 GHz.
图 10 微波功分器电路示意图
Figure 10. Diagram of microwave power divider.
图 11 端口3电压输出信号时域波形
Figure 11. Voltage signal waveform in time domain of port 3.
图 12 (a) GaN基大功率微波器件示意图; (b) 共形网格离散; (c) 非共形网格
Figure 12. (a) Schematic diagram of GaN-based large power microwave device, discretized model with (b) conformal elements and (c) non-conformal elements.
图 13 微波器件端口电压时域波形图
Figure 13. Time domain waveform of port voltages of microwave device.
图 14 放大器输入、输出端电压
Figure 14. The input and output voltages of microwave amplifier.
表 1 GaN HEMT的寄生参数
Table 1. The parasitic parameters of GaN HEMT.
Cpga/fF Cpda/fF Cgda/fF Cpgi/fF Cpdi/fF Cgdi/fF 99.15 4.43 4.61 548.4 31.16 0.74 Rg/Ω Rd/Ω Rs/Ω Lg/pH Ld/pH Ls/pH 0.256 8.846 0.72 65.07 38.72 11.98 
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表 2 GaN HEMT大信号模型的非线性电流参数
Table 2. Nonlinear circuit parameters of large signal model for GaN HEMT.
K10 K11 K20 K21 K30 K31 Vpk1 Vpk2 Vpk3 $ {\alpha _1} $ –1.09633 –0.285951 –4.01665×10–2 –9.8227×10–3 –1.99307×10–2 2.25872×10–3 8.3227 15.3274 –0.737977 3.0232 $ {\alpha _2} $ $ {\alpha _3} $ $ \alpha $ gm Vgsm Kp1 Kp2 Kp3 Mipk1 KM 2.65394 3.27743 0.643925 0.992594 0.436392 7.346×10–4 7.28773×10–2 1.31013×10–2 0.532239 –1.06691 Ipkth Rth Vdsq Vgsq γsurf γsubs Vdssubs Vgsqpinch 0.215471 0.10027 1.3846 –3.21923 –1.5589 9.24381×10–3 –0.912853 –2.7
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表 3 GaN HEMT大信号模型的栅电容参数
Table 3. Grid capacitance parameters of large signal model for GaN HEMT.
Cgsp Cgs0 P10 P11 P20 P21 0.0867 0.1765 11.38 4.512 0.1422 0.01703 Cgdp Cgd0 P30 P31 P40 P41 0.02654 0.8327 0.1615 0.03217 –1.31 0.01814
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表 4 计算时间比较
Table 4. Comparison of simulation time.
方法 离散单元数 采样间隔 计算耗时/s ADS-版图仿真 1644 $\Delta f$ = 12.13 MHz 142.26 共形网格DGTD 2350 $\Delta t$ = 0.286 fs 687.69 非共形网格DGTD 768 $\Delta t$ = 0.286 fs 236.47 非共形网格LTS-DGTD 768 $\Delta {t_{\text{l}}}$ = 0.572 fs, $\Delta {t_{\text{s}}}$ = 0.286 fs 131.67
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表 5 计算时间比较
Table 5. Comparison of simulation time.
方法 离散单元数 采样间隔 计算耗时/s ADS-版图仿真 1466 $\Delta f$ = 1.41 MHz 946.79 共形网格DGTD 3920 $\Delta t$ = 0.067 fs 3303.41 非共形网格DGTD 947 $\Delta t$ = 0.067 fs 1846.54 非共形网格LTS-DGTD 947 $\Delta {t_{\text{l}}}$ = 0.266 fs, $\Delta {t_{\text{s}}}$ = 0.067 fs 621.77
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[1] 郝跃 2019 科技导报 37 58
Hao Y 2019 Sci. Technol. Rev. 37 58
[2] Riddle A 2008 IEEE Microwave Mag. 9 154
Google Scholar
[3] Zhang X Y, Yang L A, Hu X L, Yang W L, Liu Y C, Li Y, Ma X H, Hao Y 2022 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 69 1006
Google Scholar
[4] Prasad A, Thorsell M, Zirath H, Fager C 2018 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66 845
Google Scholar
[5] Wang Y, Wu Q Z, Yan B, Xu R M, Xu Y H 2022 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 70 315
Google Scholar
[6] 马骥刚, 马晓华, 张会龙, 曹梦逸, 张凯, 李文雯, 郭星, 廖雪阳, 陈伟伟, 郝跃 2012 物理学报 61 047301
Google Scholar
Ma J G, Ma X H, Zhang H L, Cao M Y, Zhang K, Li W W, Guo X, Liao X Y, Chen W W, Hao Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 047301
Google Scholar
[7] Angelov I, Andersson K, Schreurs D, Xiao D, Rorsman N, Desmaris V, Sudow M, Zirath H 2006 2006 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Yokohama, Japan, December 12–15, 2006 p1699
[8] Schwantuschke D, Seelmann E M, Bruckner P, Quay R, Kallfass I 2013 2013 European Microwave Integrated Circuit Conference Nuremberg, Germany, Oct 6–8, 2013 p284
[9] Jardel O, Groote F D, Reveyrand T, Jacquet J C, Charbonniaud C, Teyssier J P, Floriot D, Quere R 2007 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 55 2660
Google Scholar
[10] Yuk K S, Branner G R, McQuate D J 2009 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 57 3322
Google Scholar
[11] Luo X B, Yu W H, Lü X, Lü Y J, Dun S B, Feng Z H 2014 IEICE Electron. Express 11 20140613
Google Scholar
[12] Wu Q Z, Xu Y H, Chen Y B, Wang Y, Fu W L, Yan B, Xu R M 2018 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66 1192
Google Scholar
[13] Zhao Z, Zhang L, Feng F, ZHang W, Zhang Q J 2020 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 68 3318
Google Scholar
[14] Sui W Q, Christensen D A, Durney C H 1992 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 40 724
Google Scholar
[15] Chen S T, Ding D Z, Chen R S 2017 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 16 3034
Google Scholar
[16] Tian C Y, Shi Y, Shum K M, Chan C H 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 3026
Google Scholar
[17] Kuo C N, Wu R B, Houshband B, Qian Y, Itoh T 1996 IEEE Trans. Microwave Guided Wave Lett. 6 199
Google Scholar
[18] Ma K P, Vhen M, Houshband B, Qian Y, Itoh T 1999 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47 859
Google Scholar
[19] Gonzalez O, Pereda J A, Herrera A, Vegas A 2006 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 54 3045
Google Scholar
[20] Bao H G, Chen R S 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 1490
Google Scholar
[21] Bagci H, Yilmaz A E, Jin J M, Michielssen E 2007 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 49 361
Google Scholar
[22] Chen S T, Ding D Z, Fan Z H, Chen R S 2018 IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 28 431
Google Scholar
[23] Lee J H, Liu Q H 2007 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 55 983
Google Scholar
[24] Ren Q, Bian Y, Kang L, Werner P L, Werner D H 2017 J. Lightwave Technol. 35 4888
Google Scholar
[25] Li P, Jiang L J 2013 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 61 2525
Google Scholar
[26] Zhang T, Bao H G, Gu P F, Ding D Z, Werner D H, Chen R S 2022 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 70 526
Google Scholar
[27] Gao J J, Werthof A 2009 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 57 737
Google Scholar
[28] Wen Z, Xu Y H, Wang C S, Zhao X D, Xu R M 2017 Int. J. Numer. Model. Electron. Networks Devices Fields 30 e2127
Google Scholar
[29] 闻彰 2018 博士学位论文 (成都: 电子科技大学)
Wen Z 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[30] Zhang H H, Wang P P, Zhang S, Li L, Sha W E I, Jiang L J 2020 Prog. Electromagn. Res. 169 87
Google Scholar
[31] Grote M J, Mehlin M, Mitkova T 2015 SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37 A747
Google Scholar
[32] Cui X, Yang F, Gao M 2018 IET Microwaves Antennas Propag. 12 963
Google Scholar
[33] Schomann S, Godel N, Warburton T, Clemens M 2020 IEEE Trans. Magn. 46 3504
[34] Wang R, Jin J M 2011 IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 33 769
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