Switchable and optically transparent ultrawide stopband frequency selective surface for electromagnetic shielding

Wang Cheng-Rong; Tang Li; Zhou Yan-Ping; Zhao Xiang; Liu Chang-Jun; Yan Li-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240339

Abstract

In view of the fact that high-frequency electromagnetic waves mainly enter buildings through windows and glass doors, switchable optically-transparent shielding with broad stopband is increasingly needed. Herein, a novel design for a switchable and optically transparent frequency selective surface (FSS) with ultrawide-stopband is presented in this study. The structure consists of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer sandwiched between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers which contain liquid metal microchannels arranged in an orthogonal Ω-shaped configuration. The mobility of the liquid metal can switch the FSS response from an all-pass to an ultrawide bandstop behavior. The proposed FSS achieves a rejection bandwidth of 18.1 GHz, covering P, L, S, C, X and Ku bands, while maintaining a transparency of 81% and high angular stability up to 80°, regardless of polarization. Furthermore, the mechanism behind the ultrawide stopband and high angular stability is explored through an analysis of reflection and absorption for both TE polarization and TM polarization. Experimental validation under both normal and oblique incidence demonstrates the ultrawide-stopband performance of the fabricated FSS.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
2.
Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Chengdu Jincheng College, Chengdu 611731, China

Corresponding author: Zhou Yan-Ping, ypzhou11@scu.edu.cn ; Yan Li-Ping, liping_yan@scu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Regional Innovation and Development Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U22A2015), the International Cooperation Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, China (Grant No. 2024YFHZ0282), and the Sichuan University Yibin School-City Cooperation Program, China (Grant No. 2020CDYB-31).

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References

[1]	Munk B A, 2000 Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design (New York, USA: Wiley) p63
[2]	王东俊, 孙子涵, 张袁, 唐莉, 闫丽萍 2024 物理学报 73 024201 Google Scholar Wang D J, Sun Z H, Zhang Y, Tang L, Yan L P 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 73 024201 Google Scholar
[3]	赵宇婷, 李迎松, 杨国辉 2020 物理学报 69 198101 Google Scholar Zhao Y T, Li Y S, Yang G H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 198101 Google Scholar
[4]	Liao W J, Zhang W Y, Hou Y C, Chen S T, Kuo C Y, Chou M 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 2076 Google Scholar
[5]	冯奎胜, 李娜, 李桐 2022 物理学报 71 034101 Google Scholar Feng K S, Li N, Li T 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 034101 Google Scholar
[6]	Chiu C N, Chang Y C, Hsieh H C, Chen C H 2010 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 52 56 Google Scholar
[7]	Li D, Li T W, Li E P, Zhang Y J 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 768 Google Scholar
[8]	Nauman M, Saleem R, Rashid A K, Shafique M F 2016 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 58 419 Google Scholar
[9]	Yin W Y, Zhang H, Zhong T, Min X L 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 2057 Google Scholar
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[12]	Chaudhary V, Panwar R 2021 IEEE Trans. Magn. 57 2800710 Google Scholar
[13]	Abirami B S, Sundarsingh E F, Ramalingam V S 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 2643 Google Scholar
[14]	Sanjeev Y, Prakash J C , Mohan S M 2019 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 61 887 Google Scholar
[15]	Yang Y, Li W, Salama K N, Shamim A 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2779 Google Scholar
[16]	Lei Q Y, Luo Z L, Zheng X Y, Lu N, Zhang Y M, Huang J F, Yang L, Gao S M, Liang Y Y, He S L 2023 Opt. Mater. Express 13 469 Google Scholar
[17]	Guo Q X, Peng Q Y, Qu M J, Su J X, Li Z R 2022 Opt. Express 30 7793 Google Scholar
[18]	Zhang Y Q, Dong H X, Mou N L, Chen L L, Li R H, Zhang L 2020 Opt. Express 28 26836 Google Scholar
[19]	Jiang H, Yang W, Lei S W, Hu H Q, Chen B, Bao Y F, He Z Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 29439 Google Scholar
[20]	Dewani A A, O’Keefe S G, Thiel D V, Galehdar A 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 790 Google Scholar
[21]	Habib S, Kiani G I, Butt M F U 2019 IEEE Access 7 65075 Google Scholar
[22]	Xu S J, Li Y, Ahmed M, Fang L D, Jin N, Li B H, Huo S Y, Lei X Y, Sun Z, Yu H Y, Li E P 2021 IEEE Access 9 161854 Google Scholar
[23]	Syed I S, Ranga Y, Matekovits L, Esselle K P, Hay S 2014 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56 1404 Google Scholar
[24]	Katoch K, Jaglan N, Gupta S D 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1423 Google Scholar
[25]	Li P, Liu W, Ren Z, Meng W, Song L 2022 IEEE Access 10 9446 Google Scholar
[26]	周仕浩, 房欣宇, 李猛猛, 俞叶峰, 陈如山 2020 物理学报 69 204101 Google Scholar Zhou S H, Fang X Y, Li M M, Yu Y F, Chen R S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 204101 Google Scholar
[27]	Lei B J, Zamora A, Chun T F, Ohta A T, Shiroma W A. 2011 IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 21 465 Google Scholar
[28]	Ghosh S, Srivastava K V 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 166 Google Scholar
[29]	Saikia M, Srivastava K V, Ramakrishna S A 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 2937 Google Scholar
[30]	Sivasamy R, Moorthy B, Kanagasabai M, Samsingh V R, Alsath M G N 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 280 Google Scholar
[31]	韩鹏, 王军, 王甲富, 等 2016 物理学报 65 197701 Google Scholar Han P, Wang J, Wang J F, et al. 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 197701 Google Scholar
[32]	Ghosh S, Lim S 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 4953 Google Scholar
[33]	Wang C R, Yan L P, Sun Z H, Yang Y, Zhao X 2022 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), Beijing, China, September 1–4, 2022 p669
[34]	Sheikh S 2016 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15 1661 Google Scholar
[35]	Ghosh S, Lim S 2018 IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 66 3857 Google Scholar
[36]	Yan L P, Xu L L, Gao R X K, Zhang J H, Yang X P, Zhao X 2022 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 64 251 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 所设计FSS的结构图　(a)单元透视图; (b)单层PDMS内的液态金属流动示意图; (c) FSS单元结构的演变过程

Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed FSS structure: (a) Perspective view of the unit cell; (b) schematic of liquid metal flow in a single layer of PDMS; (c) evolution of the proposed FSS structure.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 FSS的传输系数随 (a)距离s和(b)液态金属厚度h的变化

Figure 2. Transmission coefficient of the proposed FSS in terms of (a) distance s and (b) the liquid metal thickness h.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同场景下的传输系数

Figure 3. Transmission coefficient for different scenarios.

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图 4 TE和TM极化条件下传输系数随入射角的变化　(a) TE极化; (b) TM 极化

Figure 4. Simulated |S₂₁| with respect to incident angles for (a) TE and (b) TM polarizations.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)单层网格结构与文中FSS结构的ECM分析; (b)文中FSS的ECM; (c) ECM与全波分析传输系数比较

Figure 5. (a) Equivalent circuit model (ECM) analysis of the single layer grid structure and the proposed three-layer FSS structure; (b) summarized ECM of the proposed FSS; (c) comparison of transmission coefficient between ECM and full-wave analysis.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同入射波角度下FSS的反射系数和吸收率　(a) TE极化; (b) TM极化

Figure 6. Reflection coefficients and absorptivity of the proposed FSS with respect to incident angles for TE (a) and TM (b) polarizations.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 三种不同频率下的功率损耗密度　(a), (b) 80°斜入射; (c) 60°斜入射

Figure 7. Power loss density of the proposed FSS at the specific frequencies for TE and TM polarizations at oblique incidence of 80°(a) and (b), and 60° (c).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 制造过程概览　(a) 金属模具; (b) PDMS混合物; (c)将溶液倒入模具; (d) 脱模; (e) 向微通道注入液态金属(EGaIn); (f) 透过FSS结构看到的美丽风景

Figure 8. Overview of the fabrication process: (a) Metal mold; (b) the PDMS mixture; (c) pull the solution into the mold; (d) demold; (e) inject liquid metal (EGaIn) into the microchannel; (f) beautiful scenery seen through the proposed FSS.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 实验测试系统　(a)示意图 (b) 实验测试装置图

Figure 9. Measurement setup: (a) Sketch; (b) photograph through the proposed FSS.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 垂直入射时, (a) TE和 (b) TM极化下|S₂₁|值测量结果与仿真结果的对比

Figure 10. Comparison between simulated and measured |S₂₁| of the proposed FSS at normal incidence for (a) TE and (b) TM polarizations.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 不同入射角度下, (a) TE和(b) TM极化下|S₂₁|值测量结果与仿真结果对比

Figure 11. Comparison between simulated and measured |S₂₁| of the proposed FSS at different incident angles for (a) TE and (b) TM polarizations.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 FSS单元结构所含材料的电磁特性参数

Table 1. Electromagnetic characteristics of the materials contained in the FSS unit.

电磁特性参数	材料名	值
相对介电常数	PDMS	3 – j0.195
	PMMA	2.55 – j0.0051
	EGaIn	1
相对磁导率	PDMS	1
	PMMA	1
	EGaIn	1
电导率/(S·m^–1)	EGaIn	3.4 × 10⁶

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 FSS单元结构参数

Table 2. Value of parameters in the unit cell.

参量	d	s	w	h	h_PDMS	h_PMMA	p
值/mm	4	2	0.5	2	2.7	1.5	10

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 TE极化参数值

Table 3. Parameters value for TE polarization.

入射角 /(°)	频率/GHz	S₁₁/dB	S₂₁/dB	Z_in/Ω		Z₀/Ω
入射角 /(°)	频率/GHz	S₁₁/dB	S₂₁/dB	Re	Im	Z₀/Ω
80	10.5	–15.51	–18.23	2848.8	–565.8	2171.1
80	11.7	–20.79	–18.95	1844.8	–119.0	2171.1
60	12	–14.9	–17.01	765.1	–290.3	754

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 与文献中相关工作的 FSS结构性能对比

Table 4. Performance comparison of our design with what of reported FSSs.

文献	透明度/%	可开关或可调谐性能	10 dB 屏蔽带宽/GHz	角度稳定性/(°)
[21]	N	N	3.0—12.0	60
[22]	N	N	7.34—15.0	45
[15]	81.6	N	0.71—1.25 1.73—2.16	60
[16]	84.5	N	8.0—12.0	NM
[27]	N	汞和油的体积调谐	4.08—16.96	NM
[28]	N	变容二极管调谐	0.54—2.5	60
[25]	N	EGaIn注入不同层调谐	<4.5 (底层结构) < 12.2 (顶层结构)	NM
[32]	N	EGaIn注入控制全通到带阻	1.9—3.1 (TM 极化) 3.2—4.2 (TE极化)	45 60
本文设计	81	EGaIn注入控制全通到阻带	< 18.1	80
注: N表示不支持该功能; NM表示未提及

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Munk B A, 2000 Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design (New York, USA: Wiley) p63
[2]	王东俊, 孙子涵, 张袁, 唐莉, 闫丽萍 2024 物理学报 73 024201 Google Scholar Wang D J, Sun Z H, Zhang Y, Tang L, Yan L P 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 73 024201 Google Scholar
[3]	赵宇婷, 李迎松, 杨国辉 2020 物理学报 69 198101 Google Scholar Zhao Y T, Li Y S, Yang G H 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 198101 Google Scholar
[4]	Liao W J, Zhang W Y, Hou Y C, Chen S T, Kuo C Y, Chou M 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 2076 Google Scholar
[5]	冯奎胜, 李娜, 李桐 2022 物理学报 71 034101 Google Scholar Feng K S, Li N, Li T 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 034101 Google Scholar
[6]	Chiu C N, Chang Y C, Hsieh H C, Chen C H 2010 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 52 56 Google Scholar
[7]	Li D, Li T W, Li E P, Zhang Y J 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 768 Google Scholar
[8]	Nauman M, Saleem R, Rashid A K, Shafique M F 2016 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 58 419 Google Scholar
[9]	Yin W Y, Zhang H, Zhong T, Min X L 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 2057 Google Scholar
[10]	Chaluvadi M, Kanth V K, Thomas K G 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 1068 Google Scholar
[11]	Yong W Y, Rahim S K A, Himdi M, Seman F C, Suong D L, Ramli M R, Elmobarak H A 2018 IEEE Access 6 11657 Google Scholar
[12]	Chaudhary V, Panwar R 2021 IEEE Trans. Magn. 57 2800710 Google Scholar
[13]	Abirami B S, Sundarsingh E F, Ramalingam V S 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 2643 Google Scholar
[14]	Sanjeev Y, Prakash J C , Mohan S M 2019 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 61 887 Google Scholar
[15]	Yang Y, Li W, Salama K N, Shamim A 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2779 Google Scholar
[16]	Lei Q Y, Luo Z L, Zheng X Y, Lu N, Zhang Y M, Huang J F, Yang L, Gao S M, Liang Y Y, He S L 2023 Opt. Mater. Express 13 469 Google Scholar
[17]	Guo Q X, Peng Q Y, Qu M J, Su J X, Li Z R 2022 Opt. Express 30 7793 Google Scholar
[18]	Zhang Y Q, Dong H X, Mou N L, Chen L L, Li R H, Zhang L 2020 Opt. Express 28 26836 Google Scholar
[19]	Jiang H, Yang W, Lei S W, Hu H Q, Chen B, Bao Y F, He Z Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 29439 Google Scholar
[20]	Dewani A A, O’Keefe S G, Thiel D V, Galehdar A 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 790 Google Scholar
[21]	Habib S, Kiani G I, Butt M F U 2019 IEEE Access 7 65075 Google Scholar
[22]	Xu S J, Li Y, Ahmed M, Fang L D, Jin N, Li B H, Huo S Y, Lei X Y, Sun Z, Yu H Y, Li E P 2021 IEEE Access 9 161854 Google Scholar
[23]	Syed I S, Ranga Y, Matekovits L, Esselle K P, Hay S 2014 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56 1404 Google Scholar
[24]	Katoch K, Jaglan N, Gupta S D 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1423 Google Scholar
[25]	Li P, Liu W, Ren Z, Meng W, Song L 2022 IEEE Access 10 9446 Google Scholar
[26]	周仕浩, 房欣宇, 李猛猛, 俞叶峰, 陈如山 2020 物理学报 69 204101 Google Scholar Zhou S H, Fang X Y, Li M M, Yu Y F, Chen R S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 204101 Google Scholar
[27]	Lei B J, Zamora A, Chun T F, Ohta A T, Shiroma W A. 2011 IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 21 465 Google Scholar
[28]	Ghosh S, Srivastava K V 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 166 Google Scholar
[29]	Saikia M, Srivastava K V, Ramakrishna S A 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 2937 Google Scholar
[30]	Sivasamy R, Moorthy B, Kanagasabai M, Samsingh V R, Alsath M G N 2018 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 60 280 Google Scholar
[31]	韩鹏, 王军, 王甲富, 等 2016 物理学报 65 197701 Google Scholar Han P, Wang J, Wang J F, et al. 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 197701 Google Scholar
[32]	Ghosh S, Lim S 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 4953 Google Scholar
[33]	Wang C R, Yan L P, Sun Z H, Yang Y, Zhao X 2022 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), Beijing, China, September 1–4, 2022 p669
[34]	Sheikh S 2016 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15 1661 Google Scholar
[35]	Ghosh S, Lim S 2018 IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 66 3857 Google Scholar
[36]	Yan L P, Xu L L, Gao R X K, Zhang J H, Yang X P, Zhao X 2022 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 64 251 Google Scholar

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